Question
Global History Gandhi in India 1. Describe Gandhi's background and educa- tion. 2.Where did Gandhi end up practicing law? Why there? 3. Define:satyagraha __ 4. Define: civil disobedience. 5.Why did Gandhi engage in civil disobedi- ence while in South Africa? 6.How did Gandhi engage in civil disobedi- ence while in South Africa? 7.When did Gandhi return to India? 8.What convinced him that he couldn't ne- gotiate with the British? 9. What methods did he use against the Brit- ish? 10. How did the British respond to Indian protests? 11. Why was world perception of the British steadily declining? 12.What was the twist the British made when granting Indian indeper dence? 13. Why was Gandhi devastated by this? 14. Why did violence break out between Hin- dus and Muslims following independence? 15. How did Gandhi act to stop the violence? 16. Why was Gandhi assassinated?
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Answer
**Gandhi in India: Global History**1. **Gandhi's Background and Education:** Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born in 1869 in Porbandar, India, into a Hindu family. His father served as a chief minister in a small princely state. Gandhi studied law in England and was called to the bar in 1891.2. **Gandhi's Law Practice:** After struggling to establish a practice in India, Gandhi went to South Africa in 1893 to represent an Indian merchant in a lawsuit. He ended up staying for 21 years, witnessing and experiencing firsthand the racial discrimination faced by Indians in the then British colony.3. **Satyagraha:** Satyagraha, coined by Gandhi, translates to "truth force" or "soul force." It is a philosophy and practice of nonviolent resistance based on the principles of truth, love, and non-cooperation with injustice.4. **Civil Disobedience:** Civil disobedience is the refusal to comply with certain laws or demands of a government or occupying power as a form of peaceful protest.5. **Gandhi's Civil Disobedience in South Africa:** Gandhi initiated civil disobedience campaigns in South Africa to protest discriminatory laws against Indians, such as the requirement to carry registration certificates and restrictions on immigration and property ownership.6. **Methods of Civil Disobedience in South Africa:** Gandhi organized protests, marches, and strikes. He and his followers deliberately violated discriminatory laws, accepting the resulting arrests and imprisonment. Burning registration certificates became a powerful symbolic act of defiance.7. **Return to India:** Gandhi returned to India in 1915.8. **Failed Negotiations:** Gandhi initially attempted to work with the British government through petitions and dialogue. However, the repressive Rowlatt Acts of 1919, which allowed for indefinite detention without trial, convinced him that negotiation was futile. The Amritsar Massacre, where British troops fired upon unarmed civilians, further solidified his stance.9. **Methods Against the British:** Gandhi employed various nonviolent methods, including non-cooperation (boycotts of British goods, institutions, and titles), civil disobedience (including the Salt March), and peaceful protests.10. **British Response:** The British responded with repression, including arrests, imprisonment, and sometimes violent suppression of protests.11. **Declining World Perception:** The British use of force against nonviolent protesters, coupled with global media coverage, eroded international support for British rule in India.12. **Twist of Independence:** When the British granted independence in 1947, they partitioned India into two separate states: India and Pakistan, based on religious demographics (Hindu and Muslim majority, respectively).13. **Gandhi's Devastation:** Gandhi was deeply saddened by the partition, as he had envisioned a unified and secular India. He believed it would lead to violence and communal strife, which tragically proved true.14. **Hindu-Muslim Violence:** Following partition, mass migrations and widespread communal violence erupted between Hindus and Muslims on both sides of the new border.15. **Gandhi's Actions to Stop Violence:** Gandhi embarked on fasts and undertook arduous journeys to affected areas, appealing for peace and reconciliation between the two communities.16. **Gandhi's Assassination:** Gandhi was assassinated in 1948 by Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist who opposed Gandhi's efforts for Hindu-Muslim unity and his perceived appeasement of Muslims.