World War II: 1c War approaches At the beginning of World War II, national debate focused on whether the United States should continue the policy of Isolationism. In the 1930s, Congress attempted to avoid the situations that led to United States involvement in World War I by passing a series of Neutrality Acts.Between 1934 and 1937,Congress passed a series of neutrality acts designed to avoid the mistakes that led the United States to be involved in World War1. However , what Time magazine would later call America's "thousand-step road to war" had already begun. After a bitter battle in Congress in 1939, Roosevelt won a change in the neutrality laws to allow the Allies to buy arms as well as nonmilitary goods on a cash-and -carry basis. Interventionists, led by journalist William Allen White and his Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies, became increasingly vocal in 1940 as war escalated in Europe, In response, isolationists formed the America First Committee, with well-respected figures such as Lindbergh and Senator Nye urging the nation to stay out of the War. The AFC held rallies across the United States and its posters, brochures,and broadsides warning against American involvement in Europe gradually spread through many parts of the country,especially the Midwest. Because of the America Firsters' efforts, Roosevelt proceeded cautiously in 1940 as he moved the United States closer to involvement. The president did not want war, but he believed that most Americans "greatly underestimate the serious implications to our own future," as he confided to White. In May, Roosevelt created the National Defense Advisory Commission. During the summer the president traded fifty World War I destroyers to Great Britain in exchange for the right to build military bases on British possessions in the Atlantic, circumventing neutrality laws by using an executive order to complete the deal In October 1949, a bipartisan vote in Congress approved a large increase in defense spending and instituted the first peacetime draft in American history "We must be the great arsenal of democracy"FDR declared. As the war in Europe and the Pacific expanded,the United States was preparing for the 1940 presidential election. The crisis had convinced Roosevelt to seek an unprecedented third term. The Republicans nominated Wendell Willkie of Indiana, a former Democrat who supported many New Deal policies.The two parties' platforms differed only slightly. Both pledged aid to the Allies,and both candidates promised not to "send an American boy into the shambles of a European war", as Willkie put it. Willkie's spirited campaign resulted in a closer election than that of 1932 or "936; nonetheless, Roosevelt won 55 percent of the popular vote. Having been reelected, Roosevelt now undertook to persuade Congress to increase aid to Britain, whose survival he viewed as key to American security. In January 1931, he delivered one of the most important speeches of his career. Defining "four essential human freedoms"-freedom of speech freedom from want, freedom of religion, and freedom from fear-Roosevelt cast the war as a noble defense of democratic societies. He then linked the fate of democracy in Western Europe with the new welfare state at home. Sounding a decidedly New Deal note, Roosevelt pledged to end "special privileges for the few" and to preserve "civil liberties for all.Like President Wilsons speech championing national self-determination at the close of World WarI, Roosevelt's "Four Freedoms" speech outlined a liberal international order with appeal well beyond its intended European and American audiences. Two months later, in March 1941 with Britain no longer able to pay cash for arms, Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass the Lend-Lease Act. The legislation authorized the president to "lease, lend or otherwise dispose of"arms and equipment to Britain or any other country whose defense was considered vital to the security of the United States. When Hitler abandoned his nonaggression pact with Stallin and invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the United States extended lend -lease to the Soviets The implementation of lend- lease allowed the U.S to arm its allies without officially entering the War. Roosevelt underlined is support for the Allied cause by meeting in August 1941 with British prime minister Winstor Churchill. Their joint press release, which became known as the Atlantic Charter,provided the ideological foundation of th Western cause. Drawing from Wilsons 14 points and Roosevelts Four Freedoms, the charter called for economic cooperation, national self-determination and guarantees of political stability after the war to ensure "that all men in all the lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want." It would become the basis for a new American-let transatlantic alliance after the wars conclusion. Its promise of national self-determination, however , set up potential conflict in Asia and Africa,where European powers would be reluctant to abandon their imperial holdings. In the fall of 1941, the reality of U.S. involvemen in the war drew closer. By September, Nazi Uboats and the American navy were exchanging fire in the Atlantic. Yet the U.S. had yet to declare war, though talks were brewing. What conclusion may be drawn from this text?

Question

World War II: 1c War approaches At the beginning of World War II, national debate focused on whether the United States should continue the policy of Isolationism. In the 1930s, Congress attempted to avoid the situations that led to United States involvement in World War I by passing a series of Neutrality Acts.Between 1934 and 1937,Congress passed a series of neutrality acts designed to avoid the mistakes that led the United States to be involved in World War1. However , what Time magazine would later call America's "thousand-step road to war" had already begun. After a bitter battle in Congress in 1939, Roosevelt won a change in the neutrality laws to allow the Allies to buy arms as well as nonmilitary goods on a cash-and -carry basis. Interventionists, led by journalist William Allen White and his Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies, became increasingly vocal in 1940 as war escalated in Europe, In response, isolationists formed the America First Committee, with well-respected figures such as Lindbergh and Senator Nye urging the nation to stay out of the War. The AFC held rallies across the United States and its posters, brochures,and broadsides warning against American involvement in Europe gradually spread through many parts of the country,especially the Midwest. Because of the America Firsters' efforts, Roosevelt proceeded cautiously in 1940 as he moved the United States closer to involvement. The president did not want war, but he believed that most Americans "greatly underestimate the serious implications to our own future," as he confided to White. In May, Roosevelt created the National Defense Advisory Commission. During the summer the president traded fifty World War I destroyers to Great Britain in exchange for the right to build military bases on British possessions in the Atlantic, circumventing neutrality laws by using an executive order to complete the deal In October 1949, a bipartisan vote in Congress approved a large increase in defense spending and instituted the first peacetime draft in American history "We must be the great arsenal of democracy"FDR declared. As the war in Europe and the Pacific expanded,the United States was preparing for the 1940 presidential election. The crisis had convinced Roosevelt to seek an unprecedented third term. The Republicans nominated Wendell Willkie of Indiana, a former Democrat who supported many New Deal policies.The two parties' platforms differed only slightly. Both pledged aid to the Allies,and both candidates promised not to "send an American boy into the shambles of a European war", as Willkie put it. Willkie's spirited campaign resulted in a closer election than that of 1932 or "936; nonetheless, Roosevelt won 55 percent of the popular vote. Having been reelected, Roosevelt now undertook to persuade Congress to increase aid to Britain, whose survival he viewed as key to American security. In January 1931, he delivered one of the most important speeches of his career. Defining "four essential human freedoms"-freedom of speech freedom from want, freedom of religion, and freedom from fear-Roosevelt cast the war as a noble defense of democratic societies. He then linked the fate of democracy in Western Europe with the new welfare state at home. Sounding a decidedly New Deal note, Roosevelt pledged to end "special privileges for the few" and to preserve "civil liberties for all.Like President Wilsons speech championing national self-determination at the close of World WarI, Roosevelt's "Four Freedoms" speech outlined a liberal international order with appeal well beyond its intended European and American audiences. Two months later, in March 1941 with Britain no longer able to pay cash for arms, Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass the Lend-Lease Act. The legislation authorized the president to "lease, lend or otherwise dispose of"arms and equipment to Britain or any other country whose defense was considered vital to the security of the United States. When Hitler abandoned his nonaggression pact with Stallin and invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the United States extended lend -lease to the Soviets The implementation of lend- lease allowed the U.S to arm its allies without officially entering the War. Roosevelt underlined is support for the Allied cause by meeting in August 1941 with British prime minister Winstor Churchill. Their joint press release, which became known as the Atlantic Charter,provided the ideological foundation of th Western cause. Drawing from Wilsons 14 points and Roosevelts Four Freedoms, the charter called for economic cooperation, national self-determination and guarantees of political stability after the war to ensure "that all men in all the lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want." It would become the basis for a new American-let transatlantic alliance after the wars conclusion. Its promise of national self-determination, however , set up potential conflict in Asia and Africa,where European powers would be reluctant to abandon their imperial holdings. In the fall of 1941, the reality of U.S. involvemen in the war drew closer. By September, Nazi Uboats and the American navy were exchanging fire in the Atlantic. Yet the U.S. had yet to declare war, though talks were brewing. What conclusion may be drawn from this text?

Answer 1

Se puede concluir de este texto que Estados Unidos, a pesar de su inicial política de aislacionismo, se involucró progresivamente en la Segunda Guerra Mundial a través de una serie de acciones cuidadosamente calculadas por el presidente Roosevelt. Aunque públicamente prometía mantener a Estados Unidos fuera de la guerra, Roosevelt creía que la seguridad americana estaba ligada a la supervivencia de Gran Bretaña y, por extensión, a la derrota del nazismo. El texto describe la evolución de la postura estadounidense desde la neutralidad hasta convertirse en el "arsenal de la democracia", impulsada por factores como la creciente amenaza del Eje, la presión de los intervencionistas, y la convicción de Roosevelt de la necesidad de una mayor participación. Esta evolución se materializó en medidas como la modificación de las leyes de neutralidad, el programa de Préstamo y Arriendo, el intercambio de destructores por bases militares, y la aprobación del primer reclutamiento en tiempos de paz.Finalmente, el texto destaca la importancia del discurso de las "Cuatro Libertades" de Roosevelt y la Carta del Atlántico como fundamentos ideológicos de la causa aliada y la futura alianza liderada por Estados Unidos. A pesar de la retórica de paz, estas acciones y declaraciones prepararon el camino para la inevitable entrada de Estados Unidos en la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

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