22. Transpiration is due to A.root pressure B. excess ground water C. excess moisture in the air D. evaporation of water through stomata and lenticels 23. A solution outside the cell that is hypotonic to the cell contents will cause A. water to move into the cell B. water to move out of the cell C. sugar to move into the cell D. a decreased evaporation rate in the leaves 24. Water moves into phloem cells by osmosis and creates an increased pressure that pushes the sugar and water in the phloem to the rest of the plant. This description of moving materials throuth the phloem is called A. phloem theory B. pressure difference C. pressure-flow theory D. active transport 25. Which two forces cause water and minerals to move up the xylem? A.source and sink B. osmosis and active transport C. plasmolysis and pressure differences D. root pressure and transpiration pull 26. What will you observe when the solution outside a cell has a higher solute concentration than the contents of the cell? A. increasing turgidity of the cell wall B. the expansion of the central vacuole and movement of the cell contents to the cell wall C. the shrinking of the central vacuole and movement of the cell contents away from the cell wall D. no change in the shape or size of the central vacuole or cell wall

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22. Transpiration is due to A.root pressure B. excess ground water C. excess moisture in the air D. evaporation of water through stomata and lenticels 23. A solution outside the cell that is hypotonic to the cell contents will cause A. water to move into the cell B. water to move out of the cell C. sugar to move into the cell D. a decreased evaporation rate in the leaves 24. Water moves into phloem cells by osmosis and creates an increased pressure that pushes the sugar and water in the phloem to the rest of the plant. This description of moving materials throuth the phloem is called A. phloem theory B. pressure difference C. pressure-flow theory D. active transport 25. Which two forces cause water and minerals to move up the xylem? A.source and sink B. osmosis and active transport C. plasmolysis and pressure differences D. root pressure and transpiration pull 26. What will you observe when the solution outside a cell has a higher solute concentration than the contents of the cell? A. increasing turgidity of the cell wall B. the expansion of the central vacuole and movement of the cell contents to the cell wall C. the shrinking of the central vacuole and movement of the cell contents away from the cell wall D. no change in the shape or size of the central vacuole or cell wall

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22. **D. evaporation of water through stomata and lenticels** Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as leaves, stems and flowers. Stomata are the primary sites of transpiration, while lenticels play a minor role.23. **A. water to move into the cell** A hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell's cytoplasm. Water moves from areas of high water concentration (low solute) to areas of low water concentration (high solute) across a semipermeable membrane like the cell membrane. This process is called osmosis.24. **C. pressure-flow theory** The pressure-flow theory (or mass flow hypothesis) explains how sugars are transported through the phloem. Osmosis creates pressure at the source (where sugars are loaded), and this pressure drives the flow of sap containing sugars to the sink (where sugars are unloaded).25. **D. root pressure and transpiration pull** Root pressure is the osmotic pressure within the cells of a root system that causes sap to rise through a plant stem to the leaves. Transpiration pull, the major driving force, is the tension created by the evaporation of water from the leaves, pulling water up the xylem.26. **C. the shrinking of the central vacuole and movement of the cell contents away from the cell wall** When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution (higher solute concentration outside), water moves out of the cell by osmosis. This causes the central vacuole to shrink and the cell membrane to pull away from the cell wall, a process called plasmolysis.

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