3. Explain the depth perception, selectivity of perception, form perception, depth perception, perceptual consistency and perceptual illusion with example.

Let's break down these perceptual concepts with examples:* **Depth Perception:** This is our ability to see the world in three dimensions and judge the distance of objects from ourselves and from each other. **Example:** When driving, depth perception allows you to estimate the distance between your car and the car in front of you, preventing a collision. You use cues like relative size (closer cars appear larger), texture gradient (details are clearer on closer objects), and linear perspective (parallel lines appear to converge in the distance) to perceive depth.* **Selectivity of Perception:** This refers to the fact that we don't consciously process all the sensory information available to us. Instead, we focus on certain stimuli while filtering out others. This is influenced by factors like our needs, motivations, and expectations. **Example:** Imagine you're at a noisy party. You're able to focus on the conversation you're having with a friend, effectively filtering out the music and other conversations happening around you. If someone across the room calls your name, however, your attention will likely shift to that new stimulus.* **Form Perception:** This is our ability to recognize objects and shapes based on their outlines, contours, and other visual cues. **Example:** You can easily distinguish a square from a circle, or a tree from a building, based on the organization of their visual elements. Principles like Gestalt laws (similarity, proximity, closure, etc.) help explain how we group these elements together to perceive meaningful forms.* **Perceptual Consistency:** This refers to our tendency to perceive objects as stable and unchanging despite changes in sensory input. There are different types of perceptual constancy: * **Size Constancy:** We perceive an object as the same size even when its distance from us changes (and thus its retinal image size changes). **Example:** A car driving away appears to get smaller, but we understand that the car itself hasn't actually shrunk. * **Shape Constancy:** We perceive an object as having the same shape even when viewed from different angles. **Example:** A door appears rectangular even when it's open and its retinal image is trapezoidal. * **Color Constancy:** We perceive an object as having the same color even under different lighting conditions. **Example:** A white shirt appears white even in dim light or under a yellowish lamp.* **Perceptual Illusion:** This occurs when our perception of a stimulus doesn't match its physical reality. Illusions demonstrate the limitations and biases of our perceptual system. **Example:** The Müller-Lyer illusion, where two lines of equal length appear to be different lengths due to the direction of the arrows at their ends. The Ponzo illusion, where two lines of equal length placed across converging lines appear to be different lengths, is another example.