Question
1. Extended Response Briefly answer the following question on the back of this paper. Why do you think that Latin-American-born Spaniards, a group that suffered far less oppression than other groups, would be the group to lead the revolution against Spain?
Solution
4.4
(128 Votes)
Jacob
Master ยท Tutor for 5 years
Answer
While it's true that peninsulares (Spanish-born Spaniards residing in the Americas) enjoyed a higher social standing and more privileges than other groups like creoles (American-born Spaniards), mestizos, and indigenous populations, it's inaccurate to say they suffered "far less oppression." Their leadership in the independence movements is more complex than simply being a reaction to personal suffering. Here's a more nuanced explanation:* **Relative Deprivation:** While not oppressed in the same way as enslaved Africans or exploited indigenous populations, creoles faced limitations. They were excluded from the highest offices in government and the Church, which were reserved for peninsulares. This created resentment and a sense of relative deprivation. They saw themselves as equally Spanish and capable, yet denied opportunities simply based on birthplace. This fueled their desire for autonomy and control over their own affairs.* **Economic Grievances:** Spanish mercantilist policies restricted creole trade and economic advancement. They were forced to sell their goods to Spain at low prices and buy Spanish goods at inflated prices. This created economic frustration and a desire for free trade and economic independence.* **Enlightenment Ideals:** Creoles were exposed to Enlightenment ideas of self-government, popular sovereignty, and natural rights. These ideas resonated with their grievances and provided a philosophical justification for their desire for independence. Thinkers like Locke and Rousseau provided the intellectual framework for challenging the legitimacy of Spanish rule.* **Napoleon's Invasion of Spain:** The Napoleonic Wars and the subsequent weakening of the Spanish monarchy created a power vacuum in the Americas. This provided an opportunity for creoles to assert their autonomy and declare independence. With the Spanish crown weakened, they saw a chance to seize control.* **Leadership and Resources:** Creoles held positions of power within colonial society, albeit below the peninsulares. They were educated, wealthy, and had social influence. This gave them the resources and networks necessary to organize and lead independence movements. They could mobilize resources, communicate effectively, and rally support for their cause.In summary, while creoles didn't experience the same level of oppression as other groups, they had their own set of grievances related to political exclusion, economic restrictions, and a desire for self-determination. Combined with the influence of Enlightenment ideals and the opportunity presented by the Napoleonic Wars, these factors propelled them to lead the independence movements in Latin America.