Question
Characteristics of Prokaryotes Test Review 1. How do prokaryotes reproduce? 2. What shape is vibrio? 3. What shape is cocci? 4. What shape is coccobacill? 5. What shape is spirilla? 6. What shape is spirochete? 7. What shape is pleomorphic? 8. What shape is staphylococci? 9. What is unique about the cell wall of chlamydia? 10. How are archaea classified? 11. What is a halophile? 12. What is a barophile? 13. What is an acidophile? 14. What is an alkalinophile? 15. Where are the pigments located in bacteria that are used for photosynthesis? 16. What are cyanobacteria and some characteristics of them? 17. Where does nitrogen fixation occur in cyanobacteria? 18. What is nitrogen fixation? 19. What is nitrification? 20. What bacteria can be seen without a microscope? 21. When do myxobacteria form fruiting bodies? 22. What is snapping division and when does it occur? 23. What are akinetes? 24. What are endospores and some characteristics of endospores? 25. What distinguishes halobacterium from other types of bacteria? 26. What distinguishes mycobacterium from other types of bacteria? 27. What are extremophiles? 28. What organisms have peptidoglycan in their cell wall? 29. How are bacteria and archae similar? 30. What is unique about the different arrangements of cocci? 31. What are deeply branching bacteria? 32. What are some example of low G+C gram positive bacteria? 33. What is the spore of actinomycetes? 34. How can you distinguish between archaea and bacteria?
Solution
4.7
(329 Votes)
Trinity
Master · Tutor for 5 years
Answer
**Characteristics of Prokaryotes Test Review Answers**1. Prokaryotes reproduce asexually, primarily through **binary fission**.2. Vibrio are **comma-shaped**.3. Cocci are **spherical** or **round**.4. Coccobacilli are **short rods**, intermediate between cocci and bacilli.5. Spirilla are **rigid spiral** shaped.6. Spirochetes are **flexible spiral** shaped.7. Pleomorphic bacteria have **variable shapes** and lack a single, characteristic form.8. Staphylococci are **clusters of cocci**.9. Chlamydia's cell wall is unique because it **lacks peptidoglycan**. It instead uses proteins for structural support.10. Archaea are classified based on their **16S rRNA sequences** and metabolic characteristics. They are divided into major phyla, including Euryarchaeota, Crenarchaeota, and others.11. A halophile is an organism that thrives in **high salt concentrations**.12. A barophile is an organism that thrives under **high pressure**.13. An acidophile is an organism that thrives in **acidic environments** (low pH).14. An alkalinophile is an organism that thrives in **alkaline environments** (high pH).15. In photosynthetic bacteria, pigments are located in **internal membranes** called **thylakoids**, which are extensions of the plasma membrane.16. Cyanobacteria are **photosynthetic bacteria** that produce oxygen. Characteristics include: gram-negative, some are capable of nitrogen fixation, some produce toxins, and they are found in various aquatic and terrestrial environments.17. Nitrogen fixation in cyanobacteria occurs in specialized cells called **heterocysts**.18. Nitrogen fixation is the process of converting atmospheric nitrogen gas (N₂) into ammonia (NH₃), a form usable by other organisms.19. Nitrification is the process of converting ammonia (NH₃) into nitrites (NO₂⁻) and then nitrates (NO₃⁻), which are also usable by plants.20. *Thiomargarita namibiensis* can be seen without a microscope.21. Myxobacteria form fruiting bodies under **unfavorable environmental conditions**, such as starvation.22. Snapping division occurs in some Gram-positive bacteria. The inner layer of the cell wall grows, but the outer layer does not. This puts tension on the outer wall, causing it to "snap" in one location, resulting in the two daughter cells remaining hinged together.23. Akinetes are **resting cells** formed by cyanobacteria; they are resistant to desiccation and cold and serve as a survival structure.24. Endospores are highly resistant **dormant structures** formed by some bacteria (e.g., *Bacillus* and *Clostridium*) under stressful conditions. They are resistant to heat, radiation, desiccation, and chemicals.25. *Halobacterium* is distinguished by its ability to thrive in **extremely high salt concentrations** and its use of **bacteriorhodopsin** for photosynthesis, a unique pigment that utilizes light energy to pump protons across the membrane.26. *Mycobacterium* is distinguished by its **waxy cell wall** containing **mycolic acids**, which makes it acid-fast and resistant to many disinfectants and antibiotics.27. Extremophiles are organisms that thrive in **extreme environments**, such as high or low temperatures, high salinity, high pressure, or extreme pH.28. Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.29. Bacteria and archaea are both prokaryotes, meaning they lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. They are similar in size and shape and reproduce asexually.30. Cocci can arrange themselves in various ways: **diplococci** (pairs), **streptococci** (chains), **tetrads** (groups of four), **sarcinae** (cubes of eight), and **staphylococci** (clusters).31. Deeply branching bacteria are thought to be some of the **earliest lineages of bacteria**, with rRNA sequences that diverge early from other bacterial groups. They often have unique metabolic pathways and inhabit extreme environments.32. Examples of low G+C Gram-positive bacteria include *Clostridium*, *Bacillus*, *Mycoplasma*, and *Streptococcus*.33. The spore of actinomycetes is called a **conidiospore**.34. Archaea and bacteria can be distinguished by differences in their **cell wall composition** (archaea lack peptidoglycan), **membrane lipids**, **16S rRNA sequences**, and certain metabolic pathways. Archaea also tend to inhabit more extreme environments.