Question
5. Examine Jane Loevenger's Theory of ego development in detail. Part D: Match with suitable answers. 1 Age of majority and adulthood are a. not the same in Canada b. the same in Canada c. never the same. d. always the same. 2 In pre-industrial societies, childhood ended around the child's a. first communion b. thirteenth birthday. c. becoming a brother or sister. d. eighth birthday. 3 During the pre -industrial age children's mortality rates were near a. 50 percent b. 75 percent. c. 100 percent. d. 25 percent.
Solution
4.2
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Samuel
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Answer
Let's examine Loevinger's theory and then address the matching questions.**Jane Loevinger's Theory of Ego Development:**Jane Loevinger's theory proposes that ego development is a sequential process, with individuals progressing through distinct stages throughout their lives. These stages represent increasingly complex ways of understanding oneself, others, and the world. The theory focuses on how individuals make sense of their experiences and integrate them into a coherent sense of self. Key aspects of her theory include:* **Ego as a Frame of Reference:** The ego isn't a "thing" but rather a process, a way of organizing experience. It's the lens through which we interpret the world and our place in it.* **Stage-Based Development:** Loevinger believed that ego development unfolds in a series of stages, each building upon the previous one. Movement to a higher stage represents a more complex and integrated way of understanding oneself and others.* **Measurable through Sentence Completion Test:** Loevinger developed the Washington University Sentence Completion Test (WUSCT) to assess an individual's ego development level. This test presents individuals with sentence stems, and their responses are analyzed to determine their stage of development.**Loevinger's Stages (Simplified):** While there are multiple stages, a simplified overview includes:* **Impulsive:** Focus on immediate gratification, limited self-control.* **Self-Protective:** Concerned with rules and avoiding punishment, opportunistic.* **Conformist:** Emphasis on social acceptance, adherence to rules and norms.* **Conscientious-Conformist:** Beginnings of self-reflection, concern with personal goals and values.* **Conscientious:** Strong sense of personal responsibility, awareness of inner conflicts.* **Individualistic:** Respect for individuality, tolerance of ambiguity.* **Autonomous:** Capacity for complex thought, acceptance of inner conflicts.* **Integrated:** Rarely achieved, characterized by wisdom and self-acceptance.**Important Note:** Loevinger's theory is complex, and this is a simplified overview. It's crucial to consult more detailed resources for a comprehensive understanding.**Part D: Matching**1. **a. not the same in Canada.** The age of majority (legal adulthood) and the societal understanding of adulthood are distinct concepts. While the legal age of majority is typically 18 or 19 in Canada (varying by province), the transition to adulthood can be a more gradual process, influenced by factors like financial independence, completion of education, and starting a family.2. **a. first communion.** In pre-industrial societies, religious rites of passage often marked the transition to adulthood. First communion, signifying a deeper understanding and commitment to religious beliefs, was frequently considered a significant step towards adulthood. While other life events played a role, first communion often held a formal, community-recognized significance.3. **a. 50 percent.** Child mortality rates were tragically high in pre-industrial societies. While estimates vary based on time period and location, rates near 50% before the age of five were not uncommon due to factors like limited medical knowledge, poor sanitation, and prevalent diseases.It's important to note that historical generalizations can be complex. Further research into specific pre-industrial societies would provide a more nuanced understanding of these issues.