Darwin and Wallace developed similar theories of evolution independently.Newton and Leibnitz developed the calculus independently.Twitmyer discovered "Pavlovian" conditioning before Pavlov did. Such independent and simultaneous discoveries are attributed to which theory? historiography identity-politics naturalistic personalistic

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Darwin and Wallace developed similar theories of evolution independently.Newton and Leibnitz developed the calculus independently.Twitmyer discovered "Pavlovian" conditioning before Pavlov did. Such independent and simultaneous discoveries are attributed to which theory? historiography identity-politics naturalistic personalistic

Answer 1

The theory that attributes independent and simultaneous discoveries to the zeitgeist, meaning the intellectual and cultural climate of the times, is the **naturalistic theory**. This theory posits that scientific advancements are not solely dependent on individual genius, but are also influenced by the broader social and intellectual context. The "ripeness" of certain ideas allows multiple individuals to arrive at similar conclusions concurrently.

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