9) Questions 1. Name the sections of the small intestine Briefly describe the digestive processes that occur in each. 2. (a) Describe the inside surface of the small intestine and explain the reason for this structure. (b) How does the structure of the small intestine relate to the Mini Investigation at the beginning of this section? 3. Explain the process that releases bile into the duoderum. 4. Gallstones often develop in the gall bladder when minerals in the bile form into small pebble-like structures. This often requires the removal of the gall bladder. co (a) What is the function of the gall bladder? (b) What might be the consequences of having your gall bladder removed? (c) Use the Internet and other sources to research how you might need to adjust your diet following gall bladder removal. Write a report of your findings. 5. Create a graphic organizer to summarize the physical and chemical digestion of the three groups of nutrients 6. Name two hormones and two enzymes that are involved in 7. (a) Describe the processes involved in the breakdown of proteins into individual amino acids. (b) Why is it necessary to reduce large protein molecules to single amino acids? 8. How does facilitated diffusion differ from simple diffusion and osmosis? 9. Use a graphic organizer to compare the roles of the small and large intestines in digestion. 10. Ontario has implemented a colorectal cancer screening program. Use the Internet and other sources to find information about this program. (a) Describe the program and its goals. (b) What criteria are used to identify individuals who should have a colonoscopy? (c) Evaluate the use of colonoscopies in diagnosing and/or treating diseases such as colitis and colon cancer. 11. Unlike in humans the cecum in some mammals is functional. Use the Internet and sources to research the structure and function of the cecum in rabbits Write a brief report of your findings.

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9) Questions 1. Name the sections of the small intestine Briefly describe the digestive processes that occur in each. 2. (a) Describe the inside surface of the small intestine and explain the reason for this structure. (b) How does the structure of the small intestine relate to the Mini Investigation at the beginning of this section? 3. Explain the process that releases bile into the duoderum. 4. Gallstones often develop in the gall bladder when minerals in the bile form into small pebble-like structures. This often requires the removal of the gall bladder. co (a) What is the function of the gall bladder? (b) What might be the consequences of having your gall bladder removed? (c) Use the Internet and other sources to research how you might need to adjust your diet following gall bladder removal. Write a report of your findings. 5. Create a graphic organizer to summarize the physical and chemical digestion of the three groups of nutrients 6. Name two hormones and two enzymes that are involved in 7. (a) Describe the processes involved in the breakdown of proteins into individual amino acids. (b) Why is it necessary to reduce large protein molecules to single amino acids? 8. How does facilitated diffusion differ from simple diffusion and osmosis? 9. Use a graphic organizer to compare the roles of the small and large intestines in digestion. 10. Ontario has implemented a colorectal cancer screening program. Use the Internet and other sources to find information about this program. (a) Describe the program and its goals. (b) What criteria are used to identify individuals who should have a colonoscopy? (c) Evaluate the use of colonoscopies in diagnosing and/or treating diseases such as colitis and colon cancer. 11. Unlike in humans the cecum in some mammals is functional. Use the Internet and sources to research the structure and function of the cecum in rabbits Write a brief report of your findings.

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1. **Sections of the Small Intestine and their Digestive Processes:*** **Duodenum:** The first and shortest section. Chyme from the stomach mixes with pancreatic enzymes (for carbohydrate, protein, and fat digestion) and bile (for fat emulsification). The duodenum also secretes its own enzymes. Most chemical digestion occurs here.* **Jejunum:** The middle section. The primary site of nutrient absorption. Its inner lining is highly folded, maximizing surface area for absorption.* **Ileum:** The final section. Continues nutrient absorption, particularly vitamin B12 and bile salts. It connects to the large intestine.2. (a) **Inner Surface of the Small Intestine:** The inner surface is covered in finger-like projections called villi, and each villus is covered in microvilli. This creates an enormous surface area for efficient nutrient absorption. (b) **Relation to Mini Investigation (unknown without context of the investigation):** This question requires the context of the "Mini Investigation" mentioned. It likely involved observing the surface area of a material and relating it to absorption. The small intestine's structure demonstrates how increased surface area facilitates greater absorption.3. **Bile Release:** When fatty chyme enters the duodenum, it stimulates the release of the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK). CCK causes the gallbladder to contract, squeezing bile into the cystic duct. The cystic duct joins the common bile duct, which then empties into the duodenum.4. (a) **Gallbladder Function:** Stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. (b) **Consequences of Gallbladder Removal:** The liver still produces bile, but it continuously drips into the small intestine. This can make it harder to digest fatty foods, leading to diarrhea or indigestion. Dietary adjustments are often necessary. (c) **Dietary Adjustments (requires research):** Generally, a low-fat diet is recommended after gallbladder removal. Smaller, more frequent meals are also helpful. Avoiding very high-fat foods can prevent digestive discomfort. Specific recommendations can be found from reputable medical sources.5. **Graphic Organizer (Nutrient Digestion):** This requires a visual representation. A table format would work well, with columns for Nutrient (Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats), Physical Digestion (e.g., chewing, churning), and Chemical Digestion (e.g., salivary amylase, pepsin, pancreatic lipase).6. **Hormones and Enzymes:*** **Hormones:** * **Gastrin:** Stimulates stomach acid and enzyme production. * **Secretin:** Stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.* **Enzymes:** * **Amylase:** Breaks down carbohydrates. * **Pepsin:** Breaks down proteins in the stomach.7. (a) **Protein Breakdown:** Proteins are initially broken down by pepsin in the stomach. In the small intestine, pancreatic enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase) further break them down into smaller peptides. Finally, enzymes on the surface of the intestinal cells break peptides into individual amino acids. (b) **Necessity of Single Amino Acids:** Only single amino acids are small enough to be absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal lining.8. **Diffusion Differences:*** **Simple Diffusion:** Movement of molecules from high to low concentration directly across a membrane, no energy required.* **Facilitated Diffusion:** Movement of molecules from high to low concentration with the help of transport proteins, no energy required.* **Osmosis:** Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.9. **Graphic Organizer (Small vs. Large Intestine):** A table would be effective. Compare functions like digestion (mostly small intestine), water absorption (mostly large intestine), nutrient absorption (small intestine), and waste formation (large intestine).10. **Ontario Colorectal Cancer Screening Program (requires research):** This requires looking up information specific to the Ontario program. Look for details on the program's goals, eligibility criteria for colonoscopies, and the role of colonoscopies in diagnosis and treatment.11. **Cecum in Rabbits (requires research):** Research the rabbit's cecum. It plays a significant role in their digestion of cellulose, housing bacteria that break down plant material. Describe its structure and how this specialized function works.

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