SOCIAL INEQUALITIES Definition Identify Social Inequalities in schools Identify Social Inequalities in relation to government im Crow Laws Wealth Gap SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS Definition Difference between Social Institutions and Social Norms Identify Social Institutions SOCIAL CHANGE Definition Women's Suffrage Movement Montgomery Bus Boycott When do movements for Social Change Occur? SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Functionalism Conflict Theory Symbolic Interactionism

**SOCIAL INEQUALITIES**<br /><br />**Definition:** Social inequalities refer to the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and power among different social groups. These inequalities can be based on factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, class, sexual orientation, and disability.<br /><br />**Social Inequalities in Schools:**<br /><br />* **Funding disparities:** Schools in wealthier districts often receive more funding than those in poorer districts, leading to unequal access to resources like qualified teachers, technology, and extracurricular activities.<br />* **Tracking:** Students may be placed in different academic tracks based on perceived ability, which can perpetuate existing inequalities.<br />* **Disciplinary disparities:** Students of color are often disciplined more harshly than white students for similar offenses.<br />* **Implicit bias:** Teachers may unconsciously hold biases that affect their interactions with students from different backgrounds.<br /><br />**Social Inequalities in relation to Government:**<br /><br />* **Unequal access to healthcare:** Lack of affordable healthcare can disproportionately affect lower-income individuals and communities.<br />* **Discriminatory policies:** Laws and policies can perpetuate inequalities, such as those related to housing, employment, and voting rights.<br />* **Unequal representation:** Certain groups may be underrepresented in government and decision-making positions.<br />* **Gerrymandering:** Manipulating electoral district boundaries can dilute the voting power of certain groups.<br /><br />**Jim Crow Laws:** These were state and local laws enacted in the Southern United States from the late 19th to the mid-20th centuries. They enforced racial segregation, denying African Americans basic rights such as voting, access to education, and equal opportunities.<br /><br />**Wealth Gap:** This refers to the unequal distribution of assets and wealth among individuals and groups. It can be influenced by factors like inheritance, income inequality, and discriminatory practices.<br /><br /><br />**SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS**<br /><br />**Definition:** Social institutions are established sets of norms and patterns of behavior that fulfill societal needs. They provide structure and organization to society. Examples include family, education, government, religion, and the economy.<br /><br />**Difference between Social Institutions and Social Norms:** Social norms are unwritten rules that guide behavior within a society. Social institutions are larger, more formalized structures that incorporate and enforce social norms. Institutions are the systems; norms are the rules within those systems.<br /><br />**Identify Social Institutions:** Examples include family, education, government, religion, economy, healthcare, media, and the legal system.<br /><br /><br />**SOCIAL CHANGE**<br /><br />**Definition:** Social change refers to transformations in social structures, norms, values, and behaviors over time.<br /><br />**Women's Suffrage Movement:** This movement fought for women's right to vote, culminating in the passage of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920.<br /><br />**Montgomery Bus Boycott:** A pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement, this boycott, sparked by Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her seat on a bus, lasted over a year and led to the desegregation of Montgomery, Alabama's bus system.<br /><br />**When do movements for Social Change Occur?:** Movements often arise when a significant portion of society feels that existing social structures are unjust, unequal, or no longer serving their needs. Factors that contribute to social movements include shared grievances, strong leadership, effective organization, and favorable social and political contexts.<br /><br /><br />**SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES**<br /><br />**Functionalism:** This perspective views society as a complex system with interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability and order. It emphasizes the functions that social institutions serve.<br /><br />**Conflict Theory:** This perspective focuses on power struggles and inequalities within society. It emphasizes how competition for resources and power shapes social structures and relationships.<br /><br />**Symbolic Interactionism:** This perspective focuses on how individuals create meaning through their interactions with others. It emphasizes the role of symbols, language, and communication in shaping social life.<br />