2. Define: a. Political machines b. Tammany Hall c. Settlement : Houses d. Jane Addams

a. **Political machines:** A political machine is a party organization, headed by a single boss or small autocratic group, that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state. They achieve this control through patronage, dispensing jobs and favors to supporters in exchange for their votes and loyalty. Often, political machines engaged in corrupt practices, such as graft and election fraud, to maintain their power.<br /><br />b. **Tammany Hall:** Tammany Hall, formally the Society of St. Tammany, or the Sons of St. Tammany, was the most notorious political machine in American history. Based in New York City, it primarily controlled Democratic Party politics in the city and New York state throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. Tammany Hall used patronage and sometimes intimidation to gain and maintain power, often at the expense of public good.<br /><br />c. **Settlement Houses:** Settlement houses were institutions established in poor, urban areas to provide social services to immigrants and other residents. They offered a wide range of programs, including education, childcare, healthcare, job training, and recreational activities. The goal was to help residents assimilate into American society, improve their living conditions, and empower them to advocate for their own needs.<br /><br />d. **Jane Addams:** Jane Addams was a prominent social reformer, pacifist, and feminist. She is best known as a co-founder of Hull House in Chicago, one of the most famous and influential settlement houses in the United States. Addams dedicated her life to improving the lives of the poor and advocating for social justice. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.<br />