Terms to Know: Social Studies 20-1 a. Internationalism b. hegemony c. liberal internationalism d. hegemonic internationalism e. revolutionary internationalism f. peacekeeping g. peacemaking h. unilateral i. bilateral j. multilateral k. isolationism I. interventionist m. 160's (Inter-governmental Organization) n. NGO's (Non-governmental Organization) o. Humanitarianism p. environmentalism q. supra -nationalism r. free trade tariffs t. GDP(Gross Domestic Product) u. terrorism v. harmonization w. Schengen Agreement x. continentalism y. Patriotism z. Neutrality

Let's define these key terms related to social studies, focusing on international relations, political science, and economics.<br /><br />**International Relations & Global Governance:**<br /><br />* **a. Internationalism:** The belief in cooperation and collaboration between nations for the common good. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of states and the importance of working together to address global challenges.<br /><br />* **b. Hegemony:** Dominance or leadership, often by one state, over others in a political or economic system. The hegemon sets the rules and norms.<br /><br />* **c. Liberal Internationalism:** A theory emphasizing international cooperation through international organizations and free trade to promote peace and prosperity. It often emphasizes democratic values and human rights.<br /><br />* **d. Hegemonic Internationalism:** A perspective suggesting that international cooperation is most effective when led by a dominant state that provides stability and enforces rules.<br /><br />* **e. Revolutionary Internationalism:** The belief that global change requires a fundamental transformation of the international system, often through revolutionary means, to achieve a more just and equitable world order. Historically associated with communist ideology.<br /><br />* **f. Peacekeeping:** The deployment of international military or civilian personnel to maintain peace and security in conflict zones, often after a ceasefire agreement. Usually involves monitoring and observing.<br /><br />* **g. Peacemaking:** Active diplomatic efforts to resolve conflicts and bring warring parties to a negotiated settlement. It involves mediation, negotiation, and conciliation.<br /><br />* **h. Unilateral:** Action taken by one state independently, without the involvement or agreement of other states.<br /><br />* **i. Bilateral:** Involving two states or parties. A bilateral agreement, for example, is between two countries.<br /><br />* **j. Multilateral:** Involving three or more states or parties. Multilateral agreements and organizations are common in international relations.<br /><br />* **k. Isolationism:** A foreign policy approach where a state withdraws from international affairs and avoids involvement in international organizations or alliances.<br /><br />* **l. Interventionist:** A foreign policy approach where a state actively intervenes in the affairs of other states, often for humanitarian, strategic, or economic reasons.<br /><br />* **m. IGO (Inter-governmental Organization):** An organization composed of sovereign states, established by treaty or agreement, to address common interests. Examples include the United Nations, NATO, and the World Trade Organization.<br /><br />* **n. NGO (Non-governmental Organization):** A private, non-profit organization that operates independently of governments, often focusing on humanitarian, environmental, or social issues. Examples include Amnesty International, Doctors Without Borders, and the Red Cross.<br /><br />* **o. Humanitarianism:** A principle of concern for human well-being and suffering, often motivating aid and intervention efforts.<br /><br />* **p. Environmentalism:** A concern for the protection and preservation of the natural environment. In international relations, it addresses global environmental challenges like climate change.<br /><br />* **q. Supranationalism:** A form of international cooperation where states cede some sovereignty to a higher authority, such as an international organization, to achieve common goals. The European Union is an example.<br /><br />* **r. Free trade:** International trade without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions.<br /><br />* **s. Tariffs:** Taxes imposed on imported goods.<br /><br />* **t. GDP (Gross Domestic Product):** The total value of goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific period.<br /><br />* **u. Terrorism:** The use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims.<br /><br />* **v. Harmonization:** The process of making standards, regulations, or practices consistent or compatible across different countries or regions.<br /><br />* **w. Schengen Agreement:** An agreement among several European countries abolishing border controls within the Schengen Area, allowing for free movement of people.<br /><br />* **x. Continentalism:** Emphasis on cooperation and integration within a continent, often involving political and economic ties. Similar to regionalism.<br /><br />**National Identity & Political Concepts:**<br /><br />* **y. Patriotism:** Love and devotion to one's country.<br /><br />* **z. Neutrality:** A policy of non-participation in wars or alliances. Neutral states avoid taking sides in international conflicts.<br />