conclusion irrespective of the truth or falsity of the premise and the conclusion. when can be determined by the relationship between the premise and 7. Every argument with all true premises and a false conclusion is invalid. 8. If any passage holds indicator words such as thus, since, because , and so, then it will necessarily be an argument. II. Choose the Best Answer ( 1.5% each) 9. Which of the following best defines philosophy? A. The pursuit of wisdom D. All of the above B. An examination of fundamental truths C. Rational and critical inquiry into existence and knowledge 10. Which of the following is a major question in metaphysics? A. What is the meaning of life? C. How do we know what we know? B. What is the nature of reality? D. What is the best way to live? 11. What branch of philosophy is concerned with the nature of knowledge? A. Metaphysics B LogiC. C. Axiology D. Epistemology 12. Ethics primarily deals with: __ A. The exploration of existential questions D. The evaluation of logical reasoning structures B. The analysis of aesthetic judgments E. All of the above

7. **True**. A valid argument is one where *if* the premises are true, the conclusion *must* also be true. An argument with true premises and a false conclusion breaks this definition, therefore it is invalid.<br /><br />8. **False**. Indicator words like "thus," "since," "because," and "so" can suggest an argument is present, but they don't guarantee it. A passage might use "because" to explain something rather than argue for it. For example, "The ground is wet because it rained" is an explanation, not an argument attempting to prove the ground is wet.<br /><br />**II. Choose the Best Answer**<br /><br />9. **D. All of the above**. Philosophy encompasses all of these aspects: the pursuit of wisdom, the examination of fundamental truths, and rational and critical inquiry into existence and knowledge.<br /><br />10. **B. What is the nature of reality?** Metaphysics deals with fundamental questions about reality, existence, being, and the nature of the universe.<br /><br />11. **D. Epistemology**. Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge, its nature, scope, and how we acquire it.<br /><br />12. **E. None of the above**. The provided options are incorrect. Ethics primarily deals with moral principles and values, distinguishing right from wrong, and guiding human conduct and behavior. It doesn't directly address existential questions (that's more aligned with existentialism), analyze aesthetic judgments (that's aesthetics), or evaluate logical reasoning (that's logic).<br />