Characteristics of Prokaryotes Test Review 1. How do prokaryotes reproduce? 2. What shape is vibrio? 3. What shape is cocci? 4. What shape is coccobacilli? 5. What shape is spirilla? 6. What shape is spirochete? 7. What shape is pleomorphic? 8. What shape is staphylococd? 9. What is unique about the cell wall of chlamydia? 10. How are archaea classified? 11. What is a halophile? 12. What is a barophile? 13. What is an acidophile? 14. What is an alkalinophile? 15. Where are the pigments located in bacteria that are used for photosynthesis? 16. What are cyanobacteria and some characteristics of them? 17. Where does nitrogen fixation occur in cyanobacteria? 18. What is nitrogen fixation? 19. What is nitrification? 20. What bacteria can be seen without a microscope? 21. When do myxobacteria form fruiting bodies? 22. What is snapping division and when does it occur? 23. What are akinetes? 24. What are endospores and some characteristics of endospores? 25. What distinguishes halobacterium from other types of bacteria? 26. What distinguishes mycobacterium from other types of bacteria? 27. What are extremophiles? 28. What organisms have peptidoglycan in their cell wall? 29. How are bacteria and archae similar? 30. What is unique about the different arrangements of cocci? 31. What are deeply branching bacteria? 32. What are some example of low G+C gram positive bacteria? 33. What is the spore of actinomycetes? 34. How can you distinguish between archaea and bacteria?

Sure, here are the answers to your test review questions on the characteristics of prokaryotes:<br /><br />1. **How do prokaryotes reproduce?**<br /> - Prokaryotes primarily reproduce asexually through binary fission, where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.<br /><br />2. **What shape is vibrio?**<br /> - Vibrio bacteria are comma-shaped or curved rod-shaped.<br /><br />3. **What shape is cocci?**<br /> - Cocci bacteria are spherical or oval-shaped.<br /><br />4. **What shape is coccobacilli?**<br /> - Coccobacilli are short and plump rods that are intermediate between cocci (spherical) and bacilli (rod-shaped).<br /><br />5. **What shape is spirilla?**<br /> - Spirilla bacteria are spiral or helical-shaped with rigid bodies.<br /><br />6. **What shape is spirochete?**<br /> - Spirochetes are long, thin, flexible spiral-shaped bacteria.<br /><br />7. **What shape is pleomorphic?**<br /> - Pleomorphic bacteria can vary in shape and size, lacking a consistent form.<br /><br />8. **What shape is staphylococci?**<br /> - Staphylococci are spherical bacteria that form clusters resembling grape bunches.<br /><br />9. **What is unique about the cell wall of chlamydia?**<br /> - Chlamydia has a unique cell wall that lacks peptidoglycan, which is unusual for bacteria.<br /><br />10. **How are archaea classified?**<br /> - Archaea are classified based on their genetic sequences, particularly rRNA gene sequences, and their unique biochemical and physiological properties.<br /><br />11. **What is a halophile?**<br /> - Halophiles are organisms that thrive in high-salt environments.<br /><br />12. **What is a barophile?**<br /> - Barophiles are organisms that thrive under high-pressure conditions, such as deep-sea environments.<br /><br />13. **What is an acidophile?**<br /> - Acidophiles are organisms that thrive in acidic environments with low pH levels.<br /><br />14. **What is an alkalinophile?**<br /> - Alkalinophiles are organisms that thrive in alkaline environments with high pH levels.<br /><br />15. **Where are the pigments located in bacteria that are used for photosynthesis?**<br /> - The pigments used for photosynthesis in bacteria are located in the thylakoid membranes or specialized structures called chromatophores.<br /><br />16. **What are cyanobacteria and some characteristics of them?**<br /> - Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria that produce oxygen. They contain chlorophyll a, perform oxygenic photosynthesis, and can fix nitrogen in specialized cells called heterocysts.<br /><br />17. **Where does nitrogen fixation occur in cyanobacteria?**<br /> - Nitrogen fixation occurs in specialized cells called heterocysts in cyanobacteria.<br /><br />18. **What is nitrogen fixation?**<br /> - Nitrogen fixation is the process by which certain bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) into ammonia (NH₃), making it available for use by plants and other organisms.<br /><br />19. **What is nitrification?**<br /> - Nitrification is the process by which ammonia is oxidized to nitrite (NO₂⁻) and then to nitrate (NO₃⁻) by nitrifying bacteria.<br /><br />20. **What bacteria can be seen without a microscope?**<br /> - Thiomargarita namibiensis and Epulopiscium fishelsoni are examples of bacteria that can be seen without a microscope due to their large size.<br /><br />21. **When do myxobacteria form fruiting bodies?**<br /> - Myxobacteria form fruiting bodies when nutrients are scarce, as part of their complex life cycle involving social behavior and differentiation.<br /><br />22. **What is snapping division and when does it occur?**<br /> - Snapping division is a type of binary fission where the cell wall snaps apart at a hinge point, often seen in Corynebacterium species.<br /><br />23. **What are akinetes?**<br /> - Akinetes are thick-walled dormant cells formed by some cyanobacteria to survive unfavorable conditions.<br /><br />24. **What are endospores and some characteristics of endospores?**<br /> - Endospores are highly resistant, dormant structures formed by certain bacteria (e.g., Bacillus and Clostridium) to withstand extreme conditions such as heat, desiccation, and radiation.<br /><br />25. **What distinguishes halobacterium from other types of bacteria?**<br /> - Halobacterium is distinguished by its ability to thrive in extremely high-salt environments and its unique adaptations, such as the production of bacteriorhodopsin for light-driven ATP synthesis.<br /><br />26. **What distinguishes from other types of bacteria?**<br /> - This question seems incomplete. If you meant "What distinguishes archaea from other types of bacteria?" the answer would be their unique cell membrane lipids, lack of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, and distinct genetic and metabolic pathways.<br /><br />27. **What are extremophiles?**<br /> - Extremophiles are organisms that thrive in extreme environmental conditions, such as high temperature, acidity, salinity, or pressure.<br /><br />28. **What organisms have peptidoglycan in their cell wall?**<br /> - Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which provides structural support and shape.<br /><br />29. **How are bacteria and archaea similar?**<br /> - Bacteria and archaea are similar in that they are both prokaryotic, lack a nucleus, and have similar cellular structures such as ribosomes and plasmids.<br /><br />30. **What is unique about the different arrangements of cocci?**<br /> - Cocci can arrange themselves in various patterns, such as pairs (diplococci), chains (streptococci), clusters (staphylococci), tetrads (groups of four), and sarcinae (cubical packets of eight or more).<br /><br />31. **What are deeply branching bacteria?**<br /> - Deeply branching bacteria are ancient lineages of bacteria that diverged early from the common ancestor of all bacteria, often found in extreme environments.<br /><br />32. **What are some examples of low G+C gram-positive bacteria?**<br /> - Examples include Bacillus, Clostridium, Listeria, and Staphylococcus.<br /><br />33. **What is the spore of actinomycetes?**<br /> - Actinomycetes produce spores called conidia or sporangiospores, which are involved in reproduction and dispersal.<br /><br />34. **How can you distinguish between archaea and bacteria?**<br /> - Archaea can be distinguished from bacteria by their unique cell membrane lipids (ether-linked vs. ester-linked), absence of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, differences in ribosomal RNA sequences, and distinct metabolic pathways.<br /><br />I hope this helps with your test review!