a. List any THREE differences between formal education and informal education b. By use of specific and relevant examples explain any THREE factors that determined the content of African indigenous (3 Marks) c. Identify SIX features of the Koranic Educational Institutions. (9 Marks) d. Examine SIX factors that led to the emergence of medieval universities in Europe. (6 Marks) (12 marks) QUESTION TWO a. Asses three impacts of Reformation on Education? b. The period 1920-1945 experienced positive changes in the development of education in Kenya. Discuss FOUR factors behind the educational changes during this period. (7 marks) (6 Marks)

**QUESTION ONE**<br /><br />a. **Differences between Formal Education and Informal Education:**<br /><br />1. **Structure and Curriculum:**<br /> - *Formal Education:* It is structured with a set curriculum, organized by educational institutions such as schools and universities. For example, students follow a specific syllabus in subjects like mathematics and science.<br /> - *Informal Education:* It lacks a formal structure and curriculum. Learning occurs through daily activities, experiences, and interactions, such as learning to cook from family members.<br /><br />2. **Certification:**<br /> - *Formal Education:* Provides official certification or degrees upon completion of courses or programs, such as diplomas or degrees.<br /> - *Informal Education:* Does not provide any formal certification. Skills and knowledge are acquired without official recognition.<br /><br />3. **Learning Environment:**<br /> - *Formal Education:* Takes place in a formal setting like classrooms or lecture halls, with professional educators.<br /> - *Informal Education:* Occurs in various environments, including at home, workplaces, or community settings, often guided by peers or mentors.<br /><br />b. **Factors that Determined the Content of African Indigenous Education:**<br /><br />1. **Cultural Practices and Traditions:**<br /> - The content was heavily influenced by the cultural norms, values, and traditions of the community. For instance, storytelling and folklore were used to pass down moral lessons and historical events.<br /><br />2. **Environmental Context:**<br /> - The natural environment played a crucial role in shaping the education content. Communities living near rivers might focus on fishing techniques, while those in forested areas might emphasize hunting and gathering skills.<br /><br />3. **Social Roles and Responsibilities:**<br /> - Education was tailored to prepare individuals for their future roles within the community. Boys might learn skills related to farming or herding, while girls might be taught domestic skills and childcare.<br /><br />c. **Features of Koranic Educational Institutions:**<br /><br />1. **Religious Foundation:**<br /> - The primary focus is on teaching the Quran and Islamic principles.<br /><br />2. **Memorization:**<br /> - Emphasis on memorizing verses of the Quran.<br /><br />3. **Madrasa System:**<br /> - Often part of a larger madrasa system, providing both religious and sometimes secular education.<br /><br />4. **Teacher-Student Relationship:**<br /> - Close relationship between teachers (Imams) and students, often involving personal mentorship.<br /><br />5. **Community-Based:**<br /> - Typically supported by the local Muslim community.<br /><br />6. **Flexible Structure:**<br /> - Less rigid in terms of schedules compared to modern schooling systems.<br /><br />d. **Factors Leading to the Emergence of Medieval Universities in Europe:**<br /><br />1. **Growth of Cities:**<br /> - Urbanization led to increased demand for educated individuals to manage trade, governance, and legal matters.<br /><br />2. **Church Influence:**<br /> - The Church's need for educated clergy to interpret religious texts and administer church affairs.<br /><br />3. **Rediscovery of Classical Texts:**<br /> - The translation and study of ancient Greek and Roman texts sparked intellectual curiosity and scholarly pursuits.<br /><br />4. **Economic Prosperity:**<br /> - Economic growth provided resources and patronage for educational institutions.<br /><br />5. **Political Stability:**<br /> - Relative political stability allowed for the establishment and growth of educational centers.<br /><br />6. **Scholasticism:**<br /> - The rise of scholasticism promoted systematic study and debate, fostering academic communities.<br /><br />**QUESTION TWO**<br /><br />a. **Impacts of Reformation on Education:**<br /><br />1. **Increased Literacy:**<br /> - The emphasis on reading the Bible led to a push for literacy among the general population.<br /><br />2. **Expansion of Schools:**<br /> - Protestant regions saw the establishment of more schools to educate children in religious and secular subjects.<br /><br />3. **Curriculum Changes:**<br /> - Curricula were revised to include religious studies aligned with Protestant beliefs, alongside traditional subjects.<br /><br />b. **Factors Behind Educational Changes in Kenya (1920-1945):**<br /><br />1. **Colonial Policies:**<br /> - British colonial policies aimed at educating Africans for administrative roles led to the establishment of more schools.<br /><br />2. **Missionary Influence:**<br /> - Missionaries played a significant role in expanding educational opportunities, focusing on literacy and vocational training.<br /><br />3. **Economic Development:**<br /> - Economic changes required a skilled workforce, prompting investment in education.<br /><br />4. **World War II Impact:**<br /> - The war highlighted the need for educated personnel, leading to increased educational initiatives post-war.