19. As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the Holy Roman Emperor agreed that German princes should? A. all become Protestant. B. execute anyone who had fought in the Peasants revolt. C. burn all copies of the Ninety-Five Theses. D. be able to choose whether their lands would be Catholic or Lutheran. 20. All of the following were causes of the Scientific Revolution EXCEPT? A. the challenges of navigation during long sea voyages. B. the secular movement during the Renaissance teaching free thinking and questioning. C. the movement led by religious reformers such as Martin Luther to self-interpret the Bible. D. the active support of the Church to discover the wonders of God and the universe. 21. In which of the following areas did the Scientific Revolution begin? A. medicine B. chemistry C. astronomy D. mathematics 22. Kepler's calculations demonstrated that? A. the sun rotates on its axis. B. planetary motion is explained by thirty-four epicycles. C. the universe is almost perfectly spherical. D. the planetary orbits are elliptical.

19. **D. be able to choose whether their lands would be Catholic or Lutheran.** The Peace of Augsburg (1555) established the principle of *cuius regio, eius religio*, meaning "whose realm, his religion." This allowed the ruling prince of each state within the Holy Roman Empire to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism as the official religion of their territory.<br /><br />20. **D. the active support of the Church to discover the wonders of God and the universe.** While the Church initially patronized some scientific endeavors, it generally became resistant to many of the new findings and theories of the Scientific Revolution that challenged established Church doctrines. The other options are all valid contributing factors to the Scientific Revolution.<br /><br />21. **C. astronomy.** The Scientific Revolution began with the astronomical observations and theories of Nicolaus Copernicus, which challenged the long-held geocentric (Earth-centered) view of the universe. While advancements were made in other fields during this period, astronomy was the starting point.<br /><br />22. **D. the planetary orbits are elliptical.** Johannes Kepler, using the precise observational data of Tycho Brahe, discovered that planets move in elliptical orbits, not perfect circles as previously believed. This was a key breakthrough in understanding planetary motion.<br />