1. Citing evidence, trace the stages through which man is believed to have evolved from earliest apes. (15 marks) 2. Discuss five factors that led to the spread iron working skills in Africa. (15 marks) 3. Explain ways in which domestication of plants and animals affected man's way of life? (15 marks) 4. Discuss the emergence of early civilization in Egypt up to 1884.(15 marks) SECTION B - 5. Describe the effects of Nilotic migrations in Africa. (15 marks) 6. Analyze the factors that led to Indian Ocean trade. (15 marks) 7. Highlight the factors that favoured the spread of missionary work in Africa. (15 marks) -8. Account for the rise and growth of the Ahsante Kingdom. (15 marks)

**1. Tracing Human Evolution from Earliest Apes:**<br /><br />Evidence from fossil discoveries, comparative anatomy, and genetic studies traces human evolution through several key stages:<br /><br />* **Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardi):** Fossils like "Ardi" (4.4 million years old) show a mix of ape-like and human-like traits. Ardi's pelvis suggests bipedalism (walking upright), while her feet indicate she still spent time in trees. This represents an early stage of hominin evolution, diverging from the chimpanzee lineage.<br />* **Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy):** "Lucy" (3.2 million years old) and other *Australopithecus* fossils demonstrate more developed bipedalism, though still with relatively small brains. Footprints at Laetoli provide further evidence of bipedal locomotion.<br />* **Homo habilis (Handy Man):** *Homo habilis* (2.4-1.4 million years old) marks the beginning of the *Homo* genus. They possessed larger brains than australopithecines and are associated with the earliest stone tools (Oldowan), indicating increased cognitive abilities and the beginnings of cultural development.<br />* **Homo erectus:** *Homo erectus* (1.9 million - 117,000 years ago) had a significantly larger brain and a more human-like body. They were the first hominins to migrate out of Africa, spreading to Asia and Europe. They developed more sophisticated tools (Acheulean) and may have been the first to use fire.<br />* **Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthals):** Neanderthals (400,000 - 40,000 years ago) lived in Europe and parts of Asia. They were adapted to colder climates, had large brains, and exhibited complex social behaviors, including burial of the dead. Genetic evidence suggests some interbreeding with early *Homo sapiens*.<br />* **Homo sapiens (Modern Humans):** *Homo sapiens* emerged in Africa around 300,000 years ago. They developed advanced cognitive abilities, complex language, and sophisticated toolmaking techniques. They eventually migrated out of Africa, replacing other hominin species.<br /><br /><br />**2. Five Factors Leading to the Spread of Iron Working in Africa:**<br /><br />1. **Bantu Migrations:** The Bantu expansion spread iron technology across sub-Saharan Africa as they migrated.<br />2. **Trade and Exchange:** Trade routes facilitated the exchange of iron goods and knowledge of ironworking techniques between different communities.<br />3. **Environmental Factors:** The availability of iron ore and fuel sources (wood or charcoal) in certain regions influenced the development and spread of ironworking.<br />4. **Need for Improved Tools:** The advantages of iron tools for agriculture, hunting, and warfare drove demand and encouraged the adoption of iron technology.<br />5. **Development of Specialized Labor:** As ironworking became more complex, specialized blacksmiths emerged, further contributing to the development and dissemination of the skill.<br /><br /><br />**3. Effects of Domestication on Man's Way of Life:**<br /><br />* **Sedentary Lifestyle:** Domestication allowed for settled agriculture, leading to permanent villages and a shift away from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles.<br />* **Increased Food Supply:** A more reliable and abundant food supply led to population growth and the development of larger, more complex societies.<br />* **Specialization of Labor:** Surplus food and settled communities allowed for the development of specialized crafts and occupations beyond food production.<br />* **Social Stratification:** Control over resources and surplus food could lead to social hierarchies and the emergence of elites.<br />* **Environmental Impact:** Clearing land for agriculture and grazing animals had significant impacts on the environment, including deforestation and soil erosion.<br /><br /><br />**4. Emergence of Early Civilization in Egypt up to 1884:** *(This requires a detailed answer covering the Predynastic Period, Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom, Late Period, and subsequent foreign rule up to the British occupation in 1884. Due to space constraints, I cannot provide a full answer here. Key aspects would include the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, the development of hieroglyphic writing, monumental architecture (pyramids, temples), a complex religious system, and the influence of Nubia, the Hyksos, the Kushites, the Persians, the Greeks, and the Romans.)*<br /><br /><br />**5. Effects of Nilotic Migrations in Africa:**<br /><br />*(This requires a detailed answer focusing on the spread of language, culture, and political organization throughout East Africa due to the migrations of Nilotic-speaking peoples. It should also address the interactions and conflicts with existing populations.)*<br /><br /><br />**6. Factors that Led to Indian Ocean Trade:**<br /><br />*(This requires a discussion of the monsoon winds, the availability of desirable goods in different regions (e.g., spices, ivory, gold), the development of shipbuilding and navigation technology, and the roles of various trading communities, including Arabs, Persians, Indians, and East Africans.)*<br /><br /><br />**7. Factors Favoring the Spread of Missionary Work in Africa:**<br /><br />*(This requires an analysis of factors such as European colonialism, the abolition of the slave trade, the development of transportation networks, the influence of existing trade routes, and the motivations of various missionary groups.)*<br /><br /><br />**8. Rise and Growth of the Asante Kingdom:**<br /><br />*(This requires a detailed answer covering the early organization of Asante states, the role of Osei Tutu in unifying the kingdom, the importance of the Golden Stool, the control of trade routes (especially gold), and the military power of the Asante.)*<br />