Directions On a separate sheet of paper, answer the questions below. antiver alports of the question Lesson Review Lesson 1 Contrenting How did humansin contradict medieval intodes toward Christianity? Identifying What was the Modern Devotion? Contrasting How did Martin Luther:attitude toward good works contradict Erasmus)philosophy of Christ? Describing Describe the practice f indulgences, and explain how the Church used the practice to raise funds. Drowing Condisions What was the political impact of the Reformation on the Holy Roman Empire? 5823B Describing How did Luther modify religious services? Assessing Why did it take 38 years from the time Luther wrote his Ninety-five Theses until Lutheranism was accepted at the Peace of Augsburg? Lesson 2 Drawing Condustions How is the concept of predestination tied to the dynamic growth of the Calvinist faith? Identifying Central Issues What were the Anabaptists' core beliefs? Summarizing What role did the Bible play in Protestant fathe? In the Roman Catholic faith? (1) Identifying What was the Council of Trent? d Extra Help? Exploring the Essential Questions (1) Sequencing Work with assmat group to create a time line showing at least six events in the Reformation and the Catholic Reformation. Label each event explaining how it influenced society and beliefs Include visuals such as portraits, drawings of events, and maps. 58,23B (1) Analyzing What conditions in Catholicism caused Marin Luther's desire for reform? Critical Thinking Analyzing Why was Christian humanism an outgrowth of Renaissance ideals? Sequencing Whatled the Holy Roman Emperor, Charle V, to seek peace in Germany? (1) Evaluating The political system developed by John Calvin was an example of a theocracy. What were the characteristics of the system , and what kind of political impact did it have on the Reformation? 58,19820C Identifying Central Issues How did violence play a role in opposing religious views and conflicts during this tine! Contrasting In what ways did the vows of the Carmelle order contrast with previous papal lifestyles? Making Inferences Make an inference about the geographical location of Reformation efforts in German of Ignatius Loyola and Teresa Avila from Spain of Igratism Loydia and and the netrable Catholic flip? (1) Explaining Explain how King Henry VIII used his political over religious authorities.

## Lesson 1 Review Answers<br /><br />**Contrasting:** Humanists in the Renaissance emphasized human potential and achievement, studying classical texts and focusing on earthly matters. This contradicted the medieval focus on God's omnipotence and the afterlife, which downplayed earthly pursuits. Humanists also emphasized reason and evidence, sometimes questioning Church doctrines.<br /><br />**Identifying:** The Modern Devotion was a religious movement that emphasized a personal, inner piety and following the example of Jesus Christ. It focused on simple living and serving the poor.<br /><br />**Contrasting:** Martin Luther believed that salvation came through faith alone (Sola Fide), rejecting the idea that good works could earn salvation. Erasmus, while critical of the Church, believed that good works were essential for a Christian life, reflecting inner faith. He emphasized the importance of free will in choosing to do good.<br /><br />**Describing:** Indulgences were pardons issued by the Church that reduced or eliminated the punishment for sins. The Church raised funds by selling indulgences, leading to criticism that the Church was profiting from people's fear of damnation.<br /><br />**Drawing Conclusions:** The Reformation led to political fragmentation in the Holy Roman Empire. Princes who converted to Protestantism challenged the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, who remained Catholic. This resulted in wars and political instability, culminating in the Peace of Augsburg.<br /><br />**Describing:** Luther modified religious services by translating them into vernacular German, allowing more people to understand the liturgy. He also emphasized preaching and scripture reading, reducing the importance of elaborate rituals and sacraments. He also allowed clergy to marry.<br /><br />**Assessing:** The delay in acceptance of Lutheranism was due to several factors: ongoing religious wars between Catholic and Protestant forces, political maneuvering by various rulers, and the continued power and influence of the Catholic Church. The Peace of Augsburg finally recognized Lutheranism as a legitimate religion in the Holy Roman Empire.<br /><br /><br />## Lesson 2 Review Answers<br /><br />**Drawing Conclusions:** Predestination, the belief that God has preordained who will be saved, contributed to the growth of Calvinism. Believers saw worldly success as a sign of God's favor, motivating them to work hard and contribute to society, which in turn led to economic prosperity and further expansion of the faith.<br /><br />**Identifying Central Issues:** Anabaptists believed in adult baptism, separation of church and state, pacifism, and communal living. They often faced persecution from both Catholics and other Protestants.<br /><br />**Summarizing:** The Bible played a central role in both Protestant and Roman Catholic faiths. However, Protestants emphasized individual interpretation of scripture (Sola Scriptura), while Catholics maintained that the Church had the ultimate authority to interpret the Bible.<br /><br />**Identifying:** The Council of Trent was a series of meetings held by the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation. It addressed issues of doctrine, reform, and counter-reformation, reaffirming Catholic teachings and practices.<br /><br /><br />## Extra Help/Critical Thinking Answers<br /><br />**Analyzing:** Christian humanism was an outgrowth of Renaissance ideals because it emphasized the study of classical texts, including the Bible, in their original languages. This focus on original sources and critical analysis aligned with the Renaissance emphasis on human intellect and reason.<br /><br />**Sequencing:** Charles V sought peace in Germany due to the ongoing religious conflicts and political instability caused by the Reformation. He faced internal pressure from Protestant princes and external threats from the Ottoman Empire, making peace within the Holy Roman Empire a strategic necessity.<br /><br />**Evaluating:** Calvin's theocracy in Geneva was characterized by strict moral codes and church control over many aspects of daily life. This system influenced other Protestant movements and contributed to the spread of Reformed Protestantism. Politically, it demonstrated a new model of governance based on religious principles, which challenged traditional secular authority.<br /><br />**Identifying Central Issues:** Violence played a significant role in the religious conflicts of the time. Wars, persecutions, and executions were common as both Catholics and Protestants sought to defend their beliefs and suppress opposing views. Examples include the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre and the various wars fought within the Holy Roman Empire.<br /><br />**Contrasting:** The Carmelite order, reformed by Teresa of Avila, emphasized poverty, simplicity, and prayer, contrasting with the perceived opulence and corruption of some previous popes and high-ranking clergy.<br /><br />**Making Inferences:** The geographical location of Reformation efforts in Germany and the Catholic figures from Spain suggests a north-south divide in religious adherence. Northern Europe, particularly Germany, became a center of Protestantism, while Spain remained a stronghold of Catholicism.<br /><br />**Explaining:** Henry VIII used his political power to break with the Catholic Church and establish the Church of England, with himself as its Supreme Head. He dissolved monasteries, seized Church lands, and controlled appointments within the new Church, asserting royal authority over religious matters.<br />