NAME VAUS History - Exam Review for Semester 1 Pago 2 18. What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? 19. Who had most of the power under the Articles of Confederation? 20. What were James Madison's contributions to the Constitutional Convention? 21. Describe the government set up by the Constitution. 22. What was added to the Constitution to appease the Anti-Federalists? 23. What is the VA Declaration of Rights? 24. What is the significance of Marbury v. Madison? 25. Identify the main ideas of these parties. a. Whigs b. Democratic-Republicans c. Dixiecrats d. Know Nothing Party VUS.6 26. What did the Monroe Doctrine say? 27. What is Manifest Destiny? 28. How did Manifest Destiny impact the American Indians? 29. What is the significance of the Alamo? 30. What did the Compromise of 1850 do? 31. Who was William Lloyd Garrison? 32. What is the significance of Andrew Jackson's presidency? 33. During the Nullification Crisis, what did South Carolina argue? 34. What was the Missouri Compromise? 35. What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854? US.7 36. Identify Frederick Douglass. 37. Identify Abraham Lincoln. 38. Identify Jefferson Davis. 39. Identify Stonewall Jackson. 41. How did Uncle Tom's Cabin become one of the causes of the Civil War? 40. Identify Robert E Lee. 42. What did the Emancipation Proclamation do? 44. What event enabled Radical Republicans to influence Reconstruction in a more punitive manner? 43. What was the main idea behind Lincoln's Gettysburg Address? 45. Summarize the Civil War Amendments.

**VUS.5**<br /><br />18. **Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation:** The Articles created a weak central government. It lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, enforce laws, or raise a standing army. Amendments required unanimous consent from all states, making change nearly impossible. There was no national court system or executive branch.<br /><br />19. **Power Under the Articles:** The states held most of the power under the Articles of Confederation. The central government was intentionally weak to avoid replicating the perceived tyranny of British rule.<br /><br />20. **James Madison's Contributions:** James Madison is known as the "Father of the Constitution." He played a key role in drafting the Virginia Plan, which served as the basis for the Constitution. He also kept detailed notes of the convention proceedings and later helped write the Federalist Papers to advocate for ratification.<br /><br />21. **Government under the Constitution:** The Constitution established a federal republic with a system of checks and balances and separation of powers among three branches: the legislative (Congress), executive (President), and judicial (Supreme Court). Power is shared between the national government and the states (federalism).<br /><br />22. **Appeasing the Anti-Federalists:** The Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the Constitution, was added to appease Anti-Federalists who feared the new government would infringe on individual liberties.<br /><br />23. **VA Declaration of Rights:** The Virginia Declaration of Rights, written by George Mason, served as a model for the Bill of Rights. It proclaimed inherent natural rights, including freedom of religion, speech, press, and the right to bear arms.<br /><br />24. **Marbury v. Madison:** This Supreme Court case established the principle of judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional.<br /><br />25. **Political Parties:**<br /> * **Whigs:** Favored a strong national government, industrial development, and social reforms. Opposed Andrew Jackson and his policies.<br /> * **Democratic-Republicans:** Favored limited government, states' rights, and agrarian interests. Led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.<br /> * **Dixiecrats:** A segregationist political party formed in 1948 by Southern Democrats who opposed civil rights for African Americans.<br /> * **Know-Nothing Party:** An anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic political party active in the mid-19th century. Also known as the American Party.<br /><br />**VUS.6**<br /><br />26. **Monroe Doctrine:** Declared that European powers should no longer colonize or interfere with the affairs of independent nations in the Western Hemisphere.<br /><br />27. **Manifest Destiny:** The belief that the United States was destined to expand westward across North America.<br /><br />28. **Impact on American Indians:** Manifest Destiny led to the forced removal, displacement, and dispossession of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands.<br /><br />29. **Significance of the Alamo:** The Battle of the Alamo, a pivotal event in the Texas Revolution, became a symbol of Texan resistance against Mexican rule.<br /><br />30. **Compromise of 1850:** A series of laws intended to resolve the issue of slavery in newly acquired territories. Included the Fugitive Slave Act and California's admission as a free state.<br /><br />31. **William Lloyd Garrison:** A prominent abolitionist and publisher of *The Liberator*, an anti-slavery newspaper.<br /><br />32. **Significance of Andrew Jackson's Presidency:** Jackson's presidency was marked by increased democratization (expansion of voting rights to more white men), westward expansion, and the rise of the spoils system. He also faced controversy over his handling of Native American removal and the Nullification Crisis.<br /><br />33. **South Carolina's Argument during the Nullification Crisis:** South Carolina argued that states had the right to nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional, specifically tariffs.<br /><br />34. **Missouri Compromise:** Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, while prohibiting slavery north of the 36°30′ parallel.<br /><br />35. **Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854:** Allowed for popular sovereignty (residents deciding) on the issue of slavery in Kansas and Nebraska, effectively repealing the Missouri Compromise and leading to violence ("Bleeding Kansas").<br /><br />**VUS.7**<br /><br />36. **Frederick Douglass:** A former slave who became a leading abolitionist, writer, and orator.<br /><br />37. **Abraham Lincoln:** The 16th President of the United States, who led the Union through the Civil War and issued the Emancipation Proclamation.<br /><br />38. **Jefferson Davis:** President of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War.<br /><br />39. **Stonewall Jackson:** A Confederate general known for his military skill and tactics.<br /><br />40. **Robert E. Lee:** Commander of the Confederate Army during the Civil War.<br /><br />41. **Uncle Tom's Cabin:** Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel depicted the horrors of slavery, fueling abolitionist sentiment in the North and increasing sectional tensions.<br /><br />42. **Emancipation Proclamation:** Issued by Lincoln in 1863, it declared slaves in Confederate-held territory to be free.<br /><br />43. **Gettysburg Address:** Lincoln's speech at Gettysburg emphasized the importance of preserving the Union and upholding the ideals of equality and self-government.<br /><br />44. **Radical Republicans' Influence:** Lincoln's assassination allowed Radical Republicans, who favored a more punitive approach to Reconstruction, to gain greater influence.<br /><br />45. **Civil War Amendments:**<br /> * **13th Amendment:** Abolished slavery.<br /> * **14th Amendment:** Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born or naturalized in the United States.<br /> * **15th Amendment:** Guaranteed the right to vote regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude (did not include women).<br />