INSTRUCTIONS: Answer QUESTION ONE and any other TWO QUESTIONS 1. a) Discuss liberal and Marxist theories of nationalism (15 mark: b) Examine development of nationalism in West Africa (15 marks 2. Assess the growth of nationalism in South Africa in the 20^th century (20 mark 3. Explain the factors behind the evolution of Arab nationalism in the 20^th century in the Middle East (20 marks 4. Examine the nationalist struggle in India in the 20^th century (20 mark 5. Evaluate the role of corporatism in nationalism in Latin America (20 mark

**QUESTION ONE**<br /><br />**(a) Liberal and Marxist Theories of Nationalism**<br /><br />*Liberal Nationalism:*<br /><br />Liberal nationalism views the nation as a voluntary association of individuals bound by shared values, culture, and often language. It emphasizes civic nationalism, where citizenship is based on individual rights and consent rather than ethnicity or ancestry. Key tenets include:<br /><br />* **Self-determination:** Nations have the right to govern themselves without external interference.<br />* **Individual liberty:** Nationalism should protect individual freedoms and rights within the nation-state.<br />* **Popular sovereignty:** The government's legitimacy derives from the consent of the governed.<br />* **Cosmopolitanism:** While valuing national identity, liberal nationalism often acknowledges the importance of international cooperation and peaceful coexistence between nations.<br /><br />Thinkers like John Stuart Mill and Woodrow Wilson championed aspects of liberal nationalism. However, critics argue that it can be exclusionary towards minorities who don't fully assimilate into the dominant culture. Furthermore, the emphasis on individual rights can sometimes clash with the collective good, potentially undermining national unity.<br /><br /><br />*Marxist Nationalism:*<br /><br />Marxist theory views nationalism as a product of historical materialism, specifically the rise of capitalism. It argues that nationalism serves the interests of the bourgeoisie by:<br /><br />* **Creating a unified market:** Nationalism facilitates the development of capitalism by breaking down feudal barriers and creating a larger, integrated market.<br />* **Diverting class conflict:** Nationalism fosters a sense of shared identity that can obscure class divisions and prevent workers from uniting against capitalist exploitation.<br />* **Justifying imperialism:** Nationalism can be used to legitimize colonial expansion and the exploitation of resources in other countries.<br /><br />Marxists believe that true internationalism, where workers of the world unite against capitalism, will eventually transcend national boundaries and lead to a classless society. However, they acknowledge that nationalism can play a progressive role in anti-colonial struggles, where national liberation is a necessary step towards socialist revolution. This perspective is sometimes referred to as "national liberation" or "anti-imperialist" nationalism.<br /><br /><br />**(b) Development of Nationalism in West Africa**<br /><br />Nationalism in West Africa emerged primarily as a reaction against colonial rule. Several factors contributed to its development:<br /><br />* **Shared experience of colonialism:** The oppressive nature of colonial rule fostered a sense of shared identity and grievance among diverse ethnic groups within each colony.<br />* **Rise of educated elites:** Western-educated Africans, exposed to liberal and nationalist ideas, played a crucial role in articulating nationalist demands and organizing resistance movements.<br />* **Role of Pan-Africanism:** The Pan-African movement, which advocated for the unity and liberation of all Africans, provided inspiration and support for West African nationalists.<br />* **Influence of World War II:** The war weakened European powers and exposed the hypocrisy of their claims to democracy and self-determination, further fueling nationalist sentiment.<br /><br />The post-World War II era witnessed a surge in nationalist movements across West Africa, leading to the independence of Ghana in 1957, followed by numerous other countries in the 1960s. However, the legacy of colonialism, including arbitrarily drawn borders and ethnic divisions, continued to pose challenges to nation-building in the newly independent states.<br /><br /><br />**QUESTION TWO**<br /><br />**Growth of Nationalism in South Africa in the 20th Century**<br /><br />Nationalism in 20th-century South Africa was complex and multifaceted, shaped by the unique context of racial segregation and white minority rule. Afrikaner nationalism, promoting the interests of the Afrikaner population, played a significant role in the development and implementation of apartheid. This form of nationalism emphasized Afrikaner identity, language, and culture, often at the expense of other groups. Black African nationalism, on the other hand, focused on achieving liberation from apartheid and establishing a democratic, non-racial state. The African National Congress (ANC) played a central role in this struggle, advocating for equal rights and self-determination. Throughout the 20th century, these competing nationalisms clashed, culminating in the dismantling of apartheid and the transition to democracy in the 1990s. The process involved negotiations between the ANC and the apartheid government, leading to a new constitution and the first multiracial elections in 1994.<br /><br /><br />**QUESTION FOUR**<br /><br />**Nationalist Struggle in India in the 20th Century**<br /><br />The Indian nationalist movement in the 20th century was a powerful force against British colonial rule. Key features include:<br /><br />* **Early nationalist movements:** Initial resistance involved various regional and religious groups.<br />* **Rise of the Indian National Congress (INC):** The INC emerged as a major force advocating for self-rule through initially moderate means.<br />* **Gandhi's leadership:** Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolent resistance (satyagraha) mobilized mass support and put immense pressure on the British.<br />* **Muslim League and partition:** The Muslim League, advocating for the interests of Muslims, eventually led to the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan in 1947.<br />* **Independence and its aftermath:** India achieved independence in 1947, but the partition resulted in widespread violence and displacement. The subsequent decades saw India grapple with the challenges of nation-building, including linguistic and regional diversity.<br />