28. Know these Battles D-Day, Battle of Ortona Liberation of the Netherlands Battle of the Atlantic. 20. What was the Manhattan Project? 44. What was the conscription crisis? 31. What was the Final Solution? Explain what happened during the Holocaust? 32. What happened to Hitler? Mussolini? 33. What were victory bonds? 34. How were Japanese -Canadians treated during the war? 35. Explain how women contributed to the war effort. 36. What event finally caused Japan to surrender?

28. **Key Battles of World War II:**<br /><br />* **D-Day (June 6, 1944):** The Allied invasion of Normandy, France, marking the beginning of the liberation of Western Europe from Nazi Germany.<br />* **Battle of Ortona (December 20, 1943 – January 28, 1944):** A fierce battle fought in Italy between Canadian and German forces, crucial for the Allied advance up the Italian peninsula. It became known as "Little Stalingrad" due to the brutal urban warfare.<br />* **Liberation of the Netherlands (September 1944 – May 1945):** A series of operations, including Operation Market Garden, aimed at liberating the Netherlands from German occupation. The liberation involved fierce fighting and a difficult winter period known as the "Hunger Winter."<br />* **Battle of the Atlantic (1939 – 1945):** The longest continuous military campaign of World War II, fought between Allied naval and air forces against German U-boats. The goal was to control the vital Atlantic shipping lanes.<br /><br />20. **The Manhattan Project:** The code name for the American-led effort to develop the first atomic bombs during World War II. It involved extensive research and development at various secret locations across the United States, with significant contributions from scientists from several countries, including the UK and Canada.<br /><br />44. **The Conscription Crisis (1917 & 1944):** Canada faced two conscription crises during the World Wars. In 1917, during World War I, Prime Minister Borden introduced mandatory military service, deeply dividing the country along French-English lines. Quebec strongly opposed conscription. A similar, though less severe, crisis occurred in 1944 during World War II when the government, under Prime Minister King, introduced limited conscription for overseas service.<br /><br />31. **The Final Solution:** The Nazi plan to systematically exterminate the Jewish people of Europe. **The Holocaust** refers to the genocide carried out by the Nazi regime and its collaborators, resulting in the murder of approximately six million Jews. It also included the persecution and killing of other groups deemed "undesirable" by the Nazis, such as Roma people, homosexuals, disabled people, and political opponents. The Holocaust involved mass shootings, gassing in extermination camps (like Auschwitz-Birkenau), forced labor, and other forms of brutal persecution.<br /><br />32. **The Fates of Hitler and Mussolini:**<br /><br />* **Adolf Hitler:** Committed suicide in his bunker in Berlin on April 30, 1945, as Soviet forces closed in.<br />* **Benito Mussolini:** Captured and executed by Italian partisans on April 28, 1945, near Lake Como, Italy.<br /><br />33. **Victory Bonds:** A form of government debt issued to finance the war effort. Citizens were encouraged to purchase these bonds as a patriotic duty, lending money to the government with the promise of repayment with interest after the war.<br /><br />34. **Treatment of Japanese-Canadians during WWII:** Japanese-Canadians were unjustly subjected to discrimination and persecution during World War II. Despite being Canadian citizens, they were forcibly removed from their homes on the West Coast, their property confiscated, and interned in camps in the interior of British Columbia and elsewhere. This was driven by fear and racism following the attack on Pearl Harbor.<br /><br />35. **Women's Contributions to the War Effort:** Women played a vital role in supporting the war effort on both the home front and in the military. They took on jobs traditionally held by men in factories, producing munitions and other essential supplies. Women also served in the military in non-combat roles, such as nurses, clerks, and drivers, freeing up men for combat duty.<br /><br />36. **Japan's Surrender:** The atomic bombings of Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9, 1945) by the United States, coupled with the Soviet Union's declaration of war against Japan on August 8, 1945, ultimately led to Japan's unconditional surrender on August 15, 1945, officially ending World War II.<br />