8. (22:45) Short tandem repeats (STRs) are base pair sequences that repeat themselves s on a segment of DNA How are short tandem repeats used to perform identity matches between DNA found at a crime scene and DNA of an individual? 9. (27:05) How do scientists use SNPs to determine ancestry and origin? 10. (28:00) Why are the reference databases for DNA biased, and how do they contribute to perpetuating the idea of minority and majority groups? 11. (33:00) What is responsible for making critical proteins that keep our bodies functioning the way that they should? 12. (34:00) What is the name of the gene responsible for some breast cancers? 13. (37:45) Why might consumer DNA tests not be very reliable when it comes to testing for your susceptibility for certain diseases, like breast cancer? 14. (After watching the video) In your own words, outline some pros and cons of consumer DNA testing. What are some definite benefits to using this technology? What are some risks?

8. Short tandem repeats (STRs) are used in forensic DNA analysis to compare DNA samples. Specific regions of the DNA containing STRs are examined. The number of repeats at these locations varies greatly between individuals. By analyzing multiple STR locations, a unique DNA profile can be created. If the STR profile from a crime scene matches the STR profile of an individual, it provides strong evidence linking that individual to the scene.<br /><br />9. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are single base-pair variations in DNA sequences. Scientists compare SNPs across different populations to trace ancestry and origin. Certain SNP patterns are more common in specific geographic regions or ethnic groups. By analyzing an individual's SNP profile, scientists can estimate their ancestral origins and migration patterns. The more SNPs analyzed, the more precise the ancestry information becomes.<br /><br />10. Reference databases for DNA are biased because they often underrepresent certain populations, particularly minority groups. This underrepresentation stems from historical and ongoing disparities in research participation and data collection. This bias can lead to inaccurate or incomplete ancestry information for individuals from underrepresented groups. It also reinforces the idea of majority and minority groups by creating a "norm" based on the overrepresented populations and potentially marginalizing those less represented.<br /><br />11. Genes are responsible for making critical proteins that keep our bodies functioning. Genes contain the instructions for building proteins, which carry out a vast array of functions in the body, including catalyzing biochemical reactions, transporting molecules, providing structural support, and regulating gene expression.<br /><br />12. *BRCA1* and *BRCA2* are two genes commonly associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Mutations in these genes can significantly elevate a person's likelihood of developing the disease.<br /><br />13. Consumer DNA tests may not be very reliable for predicting disease susceptibility, including breast cancer, for several reasons. First, they often only analyze a limited number of SNPs associated with a disease, while the actual genetic basis of complex diseases like cancer is usually much more intricate, involving multiple genes and environmental factors. Second, the interpretation of these tests can be complex and may not fully account for an individual's unique genetic background and lifestyle. Finally, the tests may not always be accurate, and false positives or negatives can occur. For definitive diagnostic and predictive information, consultation with a healthcare professional and more comprehensive genetic testing are necessary.<br /><br />14. **Pros of Consumer DNA Testing:**<br /><br />* **Ancestry Information:** Can provide insights into your ethnic origins and family history.<br />* **Connecting with Relatives:** Facilitates finding and connecting with previously unknown relatives.<br />* **Health Predispositions (with limitations):** Can offer some information about potential health risks, though this should be interpreted cautiously and confirmed with medical professionals.<br />* **Personalized Wellness:** Can provide information about traits related to diet, fitness, and other lifestyle factors.<br /><br />**Cons of Consumer DNA Testing:**<br /><br />* **Accuracy Concerns:** Accuracy can vary, especially for health-related information.<br />* **Privacy Risks:** Sharing your genetic data with a company raises privacy concerns about how that data might be used or shared.<br />* **Emotional Impact:** Unexpected or unwanted information about ancestry or health can be emotionally distressing.<br />* **Limited Clinical Utility:** Consumer DNA tests are not a substitute for professional medical advice and testing.<br />* **Bias and Representation:** Database biases can lead to inaccurate or incomplete results for certain populations.<br /><br /><br />**Definite Benefits:** Connecting with relatives and gaining a deeper understanding of one's ancestry are clear benefits. The potential for personalized wellness insights is also promising.<br /><br />**Risks:** Privacy concerns, potential for misinterpretation of health information, and the emotional impact of unexpected findings are significant risks. It's crucial to approach consumer DNA testing with realistic expectations and to consult with healthcare professionals for any health-related concerns.<br />