EKU/02/01-04/2021/2022 TAP 201: CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT INSTRUCTIONS ANSWER QUESTION ONE AND ANY OTHER TWO QUESTIONS UESTION ONE (COMPULSORY) a) Explain the meaning of the following terms as used in this unit i) Formal curriculum (2 marks) ii) Non formal curriculum (2 marks) iii) Core curriculum (2 marks) b) Discuss three sources of curriculum objectives (6 marks) c.) Explain FIVE elements of a curriculum (5 marks) d.) Distinguish between formative and summative evaluation (8marks) e.) Outline five purposes for evaluating learners (5 marks) QUESTION TWO a) Describe the functions of education in the society b) Explain the role of the following agents in curriculum implementation: i. The Parents ii. Teachers Service Commission (TSC) QUESTION THREE a) Identify and discuss Ralph Tyler's four fundamental questions which must be faced in the process of curriculum development (10 marks) b) Discuss learner-centred curriculum design highlighting advantages and disadvantages (10 mark..) 1 QUESTION FOUR a) Explain the term teacher education (2marks) b) Examine five challenges facing teacher education in developing countries (10 marks) b) Discuss the importance of curriculum development in teaching and learning (8marks) QUESTION FIVE a) Discuss ways in which education in Kenya: i) Promotes national unity (5 Marks) ii) Promotes Sound moral and religious values (5 Marks) b) With reference to the current changes in education in Kenya, justify the need for curriculum change in a country (10 marks) (10 marks) (5 marks) (5 marks) Page 1

**QUESTION ONE (COMPULSORY)**<br /><br />**a) Explain the meaning of the following terms:**<br /><br />i) **Formal Curriculum:** This refers to the planned and official program of study offered by an educational institution. It includes subjects, courses, learning activities, and assessments that are explicitly stated and documented. It's the intended curriculum, systematically organized and delivered in a structured setting like a school or university.<br /><br />ii) **Non-Formal Curriculum:** This encompasses learning experiences that occur outside the formal educational setting. It's organized and structured but not typically subject to the same regulations and assessments as formal education. Examples include community-based learning programs, workshops, and life skills training.<br /><br />iii) **Core Curriculum:** This refers to the set of common subjects or learning areas that all students are required to study, regardless of their specialization or chosen field. It provides a foundation of essential knowledge and skills considered crucial for all individuals.<br /><br /><br />**b) Discuss three sources of curriculum objectives:**<br /><br />* **Society:** Societal needs and values influence curriculum objectives. The curriculum aims to prepare individuals to be productive members of society, addressing its economic, social, and cultural needs. For example, a society focused on technological advancement might emphasize STEM subjects.<br /><br />* **Learners:** Curriculum objectives consider the needs, interests, and abilities of learners. Objectives should be developmentally appropriate and cater to diverse learning styles and needs. For example, a curriculum for young children might prioritize play-based learning.<br /><br />* **Subject Matter:** The nature of the subject matter itself dictates certain objectives. Disciplinary knowledge and skills form the basis of curriculum objectives. For example, a mathematics curriculum will focus on developing numerical literacy and problem-solving skills.<br /><br /><br />**c) Explain FIVE elements of a curriculum:**<br /><br />* **Objectives:** These are the intended learning outcomes, stating what students should know, understand, and be able to do after completing a specific learning experience.<br /><br />* **Content:** This refers to the subject matter or topics to be covered in the curriculum. It includes the facts, concepts, principles, and information students are expected to learn.<br /><br />* **Learning Experiences:** These are the activities and methods used to facilitate learning. They can include lectures, discussions, projects, experiments, and other interactive learning strategies.<br /><br />* **Assessment:** This involves evaluating student learning to determine whether the objectives have been achieved. It can include tests, quizzes, assignments, presentations, and portfolios.<br /><br />* **Evaluation:** This is a broader process that examines the effectiveness of the entire curriculum. It assesses not only student learning but also the curriculum's design, implementation, and overall impact.<br /><br /><br />**d) Distinguish between formative and summative evaluation:**<br /><br />* **Formative Evaluation:** This is an ongoing process of assessment that occurs during instruction. Its purpose is to provide feedback to both teachers and students to improve the learning process. It's diagnostic and helps adjust teaching strategies and learning activities.<br /><br />* **Summative Evaluation:** This occurs at the end of a unit, course, or program. It aims to measure the overall learning outcomes and assign grades or certifications. It's evaluative and provides a summary of student achievement.<br /><br /><br />**e) Outline five purposes for evaluating learners:**<br /><br />* **Diagnose learning needs:** Evaluation helps identify students' strengths and weaknesses, allowing teachers to tailor instruction to individual needs.<br /><br />* **Monitor progress:** Regular evaluation tracks student learning over time, providing insights into their development and identifying areas where they might need extra support.<br /><br />* **Provide feedback:** Evaluation offers valuable feedback to students on their performance, helping them understand their strengths and areas for improvement.<br /><br />* **Motivate learning:** Evaluation can motivate students to strive for better performance and achieve their learning goals.<br /><br />* **Measure achievement:** Evaluation provides a measure of student achievement, allowing teachers to assess the effectiveness of their instruction and the curriculum.<br />