1. (a) Give the definition of a learning objective - (2 marks) (b) State three functions that the learning objective perform in an instruction (c) Explain the difference between lesson notes and lesson plan as teaching instrument (6 marks) (d) Explain three social environment barriers that can impede effective communication during classroom instruction (12 marks) (e) Differentiate between norm referenced evaluation and criterion -referenced evaluation (6 marks) / 2. (a) Discuss the possible suggestions for a successful demonstrations anproach on the teaching and process Ab) Explain the function of pre-test and embedded test types of evaluation to a classroom is teacher (4 marks) 13: (a) Define what is meant by the terms system and open system approach to education (6 marks) (b) Explain the importance of the system approach model of instruction in education to a classroom teacher (a) What is a schemes of work and plan (16 marks) (b) Describe the key considerations that a teacher ought to consider in preparing a good schemes of work (4 marks) Js. (a) Identify and explain five uses of formative evaluation (16 marks) (b) "Motivation, learning attention for (10 marks)

1. (a) A learning objective is a clear and specific statement that defines what learners are expected to achieve by the end of an instructional period, outlining measurable outcomes.<br /><br />(b) Three functions that learning objectives perform in instruction include:<br /> 1. Guiding Instruction: They provide direction for teachers on what content needs to be covered.<br /> 2. Assessing Learning: Objectives serve as benchmarks against which student performance can be measured.<br /> 3. Focusing Student Effort: Clear objectives help students understand expectations and focus their efforts accordingly.<br /><br />(c) The difference between lesson notes and lesson plans lies primarily in their purpose and detail:<br />- Lesson Plans outline the overall structure of a teaching session, including goals, materials needed, activities planned, timing for each segment, assessment methods used during or after lessons; they act as blueprints for delivering instruction effectively.<br />- Lesson Notes typically contain more detailed information about how particular topics will be taught within those plans but do not necessarily follow any structured format like lesson plans do; these may also include personal reflections or additional resources relevant to individual classes.<br /><br />(d) Three social environment barriers that can impede effective communication during classroom instruction are:<br />1. Cultural Differences: Variations in cultural backgrounds among students might lead to misunderstandings due to different interpretations of language cues or behaviors.<br />2. Socioeconomic Status Disparities: Students from varying economic backgrounds may have differing levels of access to educational resources outside school which could affect participation rates leading some voices being less heard than others thus impacting group discussions negatively<br />3 . Peer Pressure : Social dynamics such as bullying , cliques etc., create environments where certain individuals feel uncomfortable expressing themselves openly thereby hindering collaborative dialogue essential for meaningful engagement .<br /><br />(e) Norm-referenced evaluation compares a student's performance with peers' performances while criterion-referenced evaluation measures whether each student has met predefined standards regardless if other classmates performed better/worse ; this means norm referenced focuses on ranking whereas criteria based assesses mastery over specified skills/content areas without relative comparison involved<br /><br />---<br /><br />2.(a ) Suggestions For Successful Demonstration Approach In Teaching Include :<br /> - Clearly define demonstration purposes <br /> - Use appropriate visual aids/tools/materials <br /> - Engage all senses through interactive elements <br /> - Encourage questions/discussions post-demonstration <br /><br />(b). Functions Of Pre-Test And Embedded Test Types Evaluation To Classroom Teacher Are :<br />Pre-tests assess prior knowledge before starting new material helping tailor instructions according learner's readiness level .<br />Embedded tests monitor ongoing progress throughout unit ensuring comprehension remains consistent allowing timely interventions when necessary <br /><br />---<br /><br />3.(a ). System refers broadly speaking organized structures working together towards common goal(s), An open system approach recognizes external influences affecting internal processes emphasizing adaptability/flexibility responding changes around it rather than rigid adherence established protocols alone .<br /><br />(b). Importance Of Systems Approach Model Instruction Education Includes Providing holistic view integrating various components into cohesive framework enhancing understanding effectiveness across diverse contexts promoting collaboration amongst educators/stakeholders improving overall quality education delivery systems available today <br /><br />(a.) Scheme Work Is Detailed Outline Covering Curriculum Content Over Specified Period While Plan Represents Specific Lessons Within That Framework Outlining How Each Will Be Taught Including Resources Needed Activities Planned Assessment Methods Used Etc..<br /><br />(b.). Key Considerations Preparing Good Schemes Work Should Include Alignments With National Standards/Goals Clarity On Expected Outcomes Realistic Timelines Flexibility Allow Adjustments Based Learners Needs Available Resources Ensuring Inclusivity Diverse Learning Styles Addressed Throughout Process <br /><br />--- <br /><br />5.(a ). Five Uses Formative Evaluations Can Include Identifying Strengths Weaknesses Individualized Feedback Informal Checkpoints Monitoring Progress Adapting Instructions As Necessary Enhancing Engagement Through Active Participation Encouraging Self Reflection Amongst Learners Regarding Their Own Growth Development Areas Needing Attention Moving Forward <br /><br />( b ) Motivation Plays Crucial Role Engaging Students Keeping Them Focused During Lessons Facilitating Deeper Understanding Retention Information Presented By Creating Positive Environment Where All Feel Valued Supported Contributing Overall Success Educational Experience Both Inside Outside Classrooms