b). Explain ways in which a subculture differs from a culture. QUESTION 3 a). Explain three benefits of one style of education. b). Describe the process of acculturation and enculturation. QUESTION 4 b). Explain the role of communication in relation to Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of needs. QUESTION 5 a). Explain three principles of interpersonal communication. QUESTION 1 a). Explain Bronislaw Malinowski's Permanent Vital Sequence in relation to culture. (10 MARKS) b). Outline Five principles of communication. (5 MARKS) c). Describe the features about humans that have allowed them to develop a complex technology. (5 MARKS) QUESTION 2 a). Explain the ways in which Bronislaw Malinowski's basic needs are met in a given culture. (9 MARKS) (6 MARKS) (7.5 MARKS) (7.5 MARKS) a). Based on technological function, describe the basic tool types that may be used in society. (8 MARKS) (7 MARKS) (7.5 MARKS) b). Communication is systemic using relevant illustrations , explain this statement. (7.5 MARKS)

**QUESTION 1**<br /><br />**a). Bronislaw Malinowski's Permanent Vital Sequence and Culture:**<br /><br />Malinowski's Permanent Vital Sequence outlines a set of basic biological needs that must be met for individuals and societies to survive. He argued that culture develops as a system of responses to these needs. The sequence includes:<br /><br />1. **Metabolism:** The need for nourishment and hydration. Culture responds with organized food production, preparation, and distribution systems.<br /><br />2. **Reproduction:** The need to procreate and continue the species. Culture develops kinship systems, marriage customs, and rules governing sexual behavior.<br /><br />3. **Bodily Comforts:** The need for shelter, protection from the elements, and rest. Culture creates housing, clothing, and technologies for comfort.<br /><br />4. **Safety:** The need for security and protection from danger. Culture establishes laws, defense mechanisms, and social structures to maintain order and protect individuals.<br /><br />5. **Movement:** The need for activity and exercise. Culture provides opportunities for physical activity through work, recreation, and ritual.<br /><br />6. **Growth:** The need for physical and mental development. Culture fosters learning, education, and skill acquisition.<br /><br />7. **Health:** The need for physical and mental well-being. Culture develops systems of medicine, healing practices, and health maintenance.<br /><br />Malinowski believed that culture arises to fulfill these basic needs in a structured and organized way, ensuring the survival and continuation of the group.<br /><br /><br />**b). Five Principles of Communication:**<br /><br />1. **Communication is unavoidable:** We constantly communicate, even non-verbally, through our body language, expressions, and actions.<br /><br />2. **Communication is irreversible:** Once something is communicated, it cannot be taken back. Words and actions have lasting impact.<br /><br />3. **Communication is a process:** It's an ongoing interaction involving multiple elements like sender, receiver, message, channel, and feedback.<br /><br />4. **Communication is contextual:** The meaning of a message is influenced by the situation, environment, and relationship between communicators.<br /><br />5. **Communication involves content and relationship dimensions:** Messages convey both information (content) and information about the relationship between communicators (relationship).<br /><br /><br />**c). Human Features Enabling Complex Technology:**<br /><br />1. **Large Brain Size and Complexity:** The human brain, particularly the prefrontal cortex, allows for advanced cognitive functions like abstract thought, planning, and problem-solving, crucial for technological innovation.<br /><br />2. **Opposable Thumbs and Dexterity:** Our hands allow for precise manipulation of objects, enabling the creation and use of intricate tools and technologies.<br /><br />3. **Bipedalism:** Walking upright frees our hands for carrying tools and manipulating objects, facilitating technological development.<br /><br />4. **Language and Communication:** Complex language allows for the sharing of knowledge, collaboration, and transmission of information across generations, accelerating technological advancement.<br /><br />5. **Social Learning and Cultural Transmission:** Humans learn from each other and pass down knowledge through generations, accumulating and building upon existing technologies.<br /><br /><br />**QUESTION 2**<br /><br />**a). Malinowski's Basic Needs Met in a Given Culture (Example: Trobriand Islanders):**<br /><br />Malinowski studied the Trobriand Islanders and demonstrated how their culture met his outlined basic needs:<br /><br />* **Metabolism:** Met through horticulture (gardening yams), fishing, and trade.<br />* **Reproduction:** Addressed through kinship systems, marriage rituals, and clearly defined roles within the family.<br />* **Bodily Comforts:** Provided by building houses, crafting clothing from natural materials, and establishing routines for rest.<br />* **Safety:** Maintained through social rules, leadership structures, and magical practices believed to ward off danger.<br />* **Movement:** Facilitated through daily activities like gardening, fishing, trading, and ceremonial dances.<br />* **Growth:** Encouraged through learning traditional skills, storytelling, and participation in rituals.<br />* **Health:** Addressed through traditional medicine, herbal remedies, and magical practices.<br /><br /><br />**b). Subculture vs. Culture:**<br /><br />A **culture** encompasses the shared values, beliefs, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a group or society. A **subculture** is a smaller group within a larger culture that shares its own distinct values, norms, and practices, while still participating in the broader culture.<br /><br />* **Distinctiveness:** Subcultures have unique characteristics that set them apart from the mainstream culture, such as specific styles of dress, music preferences, or shared interests.<br />* **Shared Identity:** Members of a subculture share a sense of belonging and identity based on their common values and practices.<br />* **Affiliation:** Individuals may choose to affiliate with a subculture based on shared interests, values, or experiences.<br />* **Influence:** Subcultures can influence the mainstream culture by introducing new trends, ideas, and practices.<br /><br /><br />**QUESTION 3**<br /><br />**a). Three Benefits of Formal Education:**<br /><br />1. **Knowledge and Skills Acquisition:** Formal education provides structured learning experiences that equip individuals with knowledge and skills necessary for various aspects of life, including employment and personal development.<br /><br />2. **Socialization and Cultural Transmission:** Schools play a crucial role in socializing individuals, teaching them societal norms, values, and cultural heritage.<br /><br />3. **Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving:** Formal education fosters critical thinking skills, enabling individuals to analyze information, evaluate arguments, and solve problems effectively.<br /><br /><br />**b). Acculturation and Enculturation:**<br /><br />* **Enculturation:** The process by which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and behaviors of their own culture. It occurs throughout life, primarily during childhood, through family, peers, and social institutions.<br /><br />* **Acculturation:** The process of adapting to a new culture while retaining aspects of one's original culture. It involves learning the language, customs, and social norms of the new culture while navigating the challenges of cultural differences.<br /><br /><br />**QUESTION 4**<br /><br />**b). Communication and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:**<br /><br />Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs proposes that human needs are hierarchical, starting with basic physiological needs and progressing to self-actualization. Communication plays a vital role in fulfilling these needs:<br /><br />* **Physiological Needs:** Communication is essential for expressing needs like hunger or thirst.<br />* **Safety Needs:** Communication helps establish security through warnings, sharing information about dangers, and seeking help.<br />* **Love/Belonging Needs:** Communication fosters relationships, builds connections, and creates a sense of belonging through expressing affection, sharing experiences, and building trust.<br />* **Esteem Needs:** Communication allows for recognition, validation, and building self-esteem through receiving praise, feedback, and achieving social status.<br />* **Self-Actualization Needs:** Communication facilitates self-expression, creativity, and the pursuit of personal growth through sharing ideas, engaging in meaningful conversations, and contributing to society.<br /><br /><br />**QUESTION 5**<br /><br />**a). Three Principles of Interpersonal Communication:**<br /><br />1. **Interpersonal communication is transactional:** It's a dynamic process where both participants simultaneously send and receive messages, influencing each other.<br /><br />2. **Interpersonal communication is irreversible:** Words and actions have lasting impact on relationships.<br /><br />3. **Interpersonal communication is contextual:** The meaning of messages is influenced by the relationship between communicators, the situation, and the environment.<br /><br /><br />**b). Communication is Systemic:**<br /><br />Communication is systemic, meaning it occurs within interconnected systems of interrelated parts. Changes in one part of the system affect other parts.<br /><br />* **Example 1: Family Communication:** A conflict between two family members can impact the entire family dynamic.<br />* **Example 2: Organizational Communication:** A change in company policy can affect employee morale and productivity.<br />* **Example 3: Classroom Communication:** A teacher's communication style can influence student engagement and learning outcomes.<br /><br /><br />